Imfuneko yamanzi acocekileyo ngenkulungwane ye-19 eBritani yakhokelela kuhlobo olutsha nolubalaseleyo lwefanitshala yesitrato.I-Kathryn Ferry ihlola umthombo wokusela. Siphila kwixesha lelocomotive, letelegraph yombane, kunye noshicilelo lomphunga…'Ijenali yoBugcisangoAprili 1860, sekunjalo 'nangoku asikabikho mgama ngaphaya kweenzame zolingelo ezinokusikhokelela ekuboneleleni ngamanzi acocekileyo… ukuze sihlangabezane neemfuno zabemi bethu abaxineneyo.'Abasebenzi baseVictori banyanzelwa ukuba bachithe imali kwibhiya kunye negin kuba, kuzo zonke iingenelo zokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso, unikezelo lwamanzi lwahlala luguquguquka kwaye lungcoliseke kakhulu.Abakhankaseli bemilo bathi ukuthembela etywaleni ngunozala weengxaki zentlalo, eziquka intlupheko, ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuswela. Imithombo yokusela yasimahla yoluntu iye yanconywa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yesisombululo.Ngokwenene, iIjenali yoBugcisayanika ingxelo ngendlela abantu abawela iLondon kunye namahlomela-dolophu, 'abangenakukuphepha ukuqaphela imithombo emininzi ephuma kuyo yonke indawo, phantse njengoko kubonakala ngathi, ngomlingo, ukubakho'.La manqaku matsha efanitshala yasesitratweni akhiwa ngobubele babantu abaninzi abanikela ngemali, ababefuna ukuphucula isimilo sikawonke-wonke ngokuyilwa komthombo, kwakunye nomsebenzi wawo.Izitayile ezininzi, iisimboli zokuhombisa, iinkqubo eziqingqiweyo kunye nemathiriyeli zaye zalungelelaniswa kule njongo, zishiya ilifa elahluka-hlukeneyo ngokumangalisayo.Eyona mithombo yamandulo yobubele bothando yayizizakhiwo ezilula.Umrhwebi oyiUnitarian uCharles Pierre Melly waba nguvulindlela kwidolophu yakowabo iLiverpool, emva kokubona iingenelo zamanzi okusela acocekileyo afumaneka ngesisa kutyelelo lwaseGeneva, eSwitzerland, ngowe-1852. Wavula umthombo wakhe wokuqala ePrince’s Dock ngoMatshi 1854, ekhetha akhazimlisiweyo. igranite ebomvu ye-Aberdeen ngenxa yokomelela kwayo kunye nokubonelela ngokuhamba kwamanzi okuqhubekayo ukunqanda ukophuka okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweetephu.Ubekwe eludongeni lwedokhi, lo mthombo wawunesitya sokusela esinezikomityi zokusela ezincanyathiselwe ngamatyathanga macala omabini, yonke into igqitywe yi-pediment. (Isazobe soku-1).Kwiminyaka emine eyalandelayo, uMelly waxhasa ngezimali eminye imithombo engama-30, ekhokela intshukumo eyasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwezinye iidolophu, kubandakanya iLeeds, iHull, iPreston kunye neDerby.ILondon yasala ngasemva.Ngaphandle kophando lukaGqr John Snow oluye lwafumana ukuqhambuka kwekholera e-Soho emva kwamanzi asuka kwimpompo ye-Broad Street kunye neemeko ezihlazisayo zococeko eziguqule i-Thames ibe ngumlambo wokungcola, ukudala i-Great Stink ka-1858, iinkampani zamanzi zabucala ezisithoba zaseLondon zahlala zingenasiphelo.USamuel Gurney MP, umtshana womkhankaseli wentlalontle u-Elizabeth Fry, uthathe unobangela, kunye negqwetha lika-Edward Wakefield.Ngomhla we-12 ku-Epreli, ngo-1859, baseka iMetropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association kwaye, kwiiveki ezimbini kamva, bavula umthombo wabo wokuqala kudonga lweyadi yecawa yaseSt Sepulcher, kwiSixeko saseLondon.Amanzi ayephuma kwiqokobhe lebhastile elimhlophe ukuya kwisitya esisekwe ngaphakathi kwelitye elincinane legranite.Esi sakhiwo sisaphila namhlanje, nangona ngaphandle koluhlu lwangaphandle lwee-arches zaseRoma.Kungekudala yasetyenziswa ngabantu abangaphezu kwama-7 000 mihla le. Loo mithombo yayimbaxa xa ithelekiswa neyona mizekelo mikhulu bayivelisayo.Nangona kunjalo, njengokoIindaba Zokwakhangowe-1866 kuye kwaba luhlobo oluthile lwesikhalazo nxamnye nabaququzeleli bale ntshukumo ukuba baye bamisela eyona mithombo yoyikekayo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba iyilwe, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo eminye yabona buhle buncinane bubonakala bububuhle obuncinane njengabo bungabizi kangako. 'Oku bekuyingxaki ukuba bebenokukhuphisana nokoIjenali yoBugcisaebizwa ngokuba 'yimihombiso eqaqambileyo nemenyezelayo' apho 'nezona zindlu zoluntu ziyingozi ziphuphuma'.Iinzame zokuyila isigama sobugcisa esibhekiselele kwimixholo engamanzi kwaye ibethelele inqaku elifanelekileyo lokulunga kokuziphatha ziye zaxutywa.Iindaba Zokwakhawayengathandabuzi ukuba nabani na ebeya kunqwenela ‘iinyibiba ezingakumbi ezivuthuzayo, iingonyama ezigabhayo, amaqokobhe alila, uMoses ebetha iliwa, iintloko ezingathandekiyo nezitya ezijongelwa phantsi.Zonke ezi ziganeko zibubudenge kwaye aziyonyani, kwaye zifanele zityhafe.'Isisa sikaGurney savelisa incwadi yeepateni, kodwa abaxhasi bahlala bekhetha ukukhetha umyili wabo.Ibhemoth yemithombo yokusela, eyakhiwe eHackney's Victoria Park ngu-Angela Burdett-Coutts, ixabisa phantse i-£6,000, isixa ebesinokuhlawulela malunga nama-200 emodeli eqhelekileyo.Umyili oyintandokazi kaBurdett-Coutts, uHenry Darbishire, udale indawo ephawulekayo ephakama ngaphezu kwe-58ft.Ababhali-mbali baye bazama ukulebula isakhiwo, esagqitywa ngo-1862, ngokushwankathela iinxalenye zayo zesitayela njengeVenetian / Moorish / Gothic / Renaissance, kodwa akukho nto ichaza i-eclecticism yayo. ngcono kune-epithet 'yeVictorian'.Nangona ingaqhelekanga ngenxa yobuninzi boyilo obugqithise kubemi base-East End, ikwami ​​njengesikhumbuzo kwizinto ezithandwa ngumxhasi.Omnye umthombo omhle waseLondon siSikhumbuzo saseBuxton (Isazobe 8), ngoku ikwiVictoria Tower Gardens.Ugunyaziswe nguCharles Buxton MP ukuba abhiyozele inxalenye kayise kwi-1833 Slavery Abolition Act, yayiyilwe nguSamuel Sanders Teulon ngo-1865. Ukuze ugweme ukubukeka kwe-sombre yophahla olukhokelayo okanye ukuvuleka kwesileyiti, uTeulon waphendukela kwi-Skidmore Art Manufacture kwaye I-Constructive Iron Co, ubuchule bayo obutsha busebenzise amacwecwe entsimbi aneepateni eziphakanyisiweyo ukunika isithunzi kunye ne-enameli ekwaziyo ukumelana neasidi ukunika umbala.Igrama yesihombisozisongelwe kwi-spire.Izitya ezine zegranite zomthombo ngokwawo zihlala ngaphakathi kwecathedral encinci yesithuba, phantsi kwentsika eshinyeneyo esembindini efumana amathontsi athambileyo esangqa sangaphandle seeshafu ezisibhozo zeentsika ezidibeneyo.Umgangatho ophakathi wesakhiwo, ophakathi kwe-arcade kunye nenqaba, igcwele ukuhonjiswa kwe-mosaic kunye nemizobo yamatye e-Gothic ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenzela kaThomas Earp.Ukwahluka kwiGothic kwabonakala kuthandwa, njengoko isitayile sasisefashonini kwaye sinxulumene nobubele bobuKristu.Ukuthatha indima yendawo entsha yendibano yoluntu, eminye imithombo ifanekisela iminqamlezo yemarike yamaxesha aphakathi enemibhobho echongiweyo negobileyo, njengaseNailsworth eGloucestershire (1862), eGreat Torrington eDevon (1870) (Isazobe 7) kunye noHenley-on-Thames eOxfordshire (1885).Kwenye indawo, iGothic enezihlunu ngakumbi yaziswa, yabonwa kwimigca etsala amehlovoussoirskaWilliam Dyce umthombo weStreatham Green eLondon (1862) kunye nomthombo we-Alderman Proctor kwiClifton Down eBristol nguGeorge noHenry Godwin (1872).EShrigley eCo Down, umthombo wesikhumbuzo kaMartin we-1871 (Isazobe sesi-5) yayiyilwe ngumakhi oselula waseBelfast uTimothy Hevey, owathi wenza utshintsho olukrelekrele ukusuka kwi-octagonal arcade ukuya kwi-square clock tower enenyama ebhabhayo.Njengoko kwakunjalo ngemithombo emininzi yamabhongo kwesi saci, isakhiwo sasiquka umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ontsonkothileyo, ngoku owonakalisiweyo, omela iimpawu ezintle zobuKristu.Umthombo weGothic onehexagonal eBolton Abbey (Isazobe sesi-4), eyakhuliswa kwinkumbulo yeNkosi uFrederick Cavendish ngowe-1886, yayingumsebenzi wabayili bezakhiwo baseManchester uT. Worthington noJG Elgood.Ngokutsho kweILeeds Mercury, 'inendawo ebalaseleyo phakathi kwembonakalo, engapheleli nje ekubeni enye yezona litye liqaqambileyo kwisithsaba saseYorkshire, kodwa ithandeka kubo bonke ngenxa yobudlelwane bayo norhulumente ogama lakhe lenzelwe ukukhunjulwa'. Fountain-Gothic ibonakalisiwe. ngokwayo isiseko esiguquguqukayo sezikhumbuzo zikawonke-wonke, nangona yayiqhelekile imizekelo engeyombejembeje kangako ukukhankanya ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi kumatye ezikhumbuzo omngcwabo.Izitayile zokuvuselela, ezibandakanya iClassical, iTudor, isiTaliyane kunye neNorman, nazo zembiwa ukuphefumlelwa.Ubugxwayiba bokwakha bubonwa ngokuthelekisa umthombo kaPhilip Webb oseShoreditch eMonti kunye nomthombo kaJames Forsyth eDudley eWest Midlands.Eyangaphambili ayiqhelekanga ukuyilwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yeprojekthi yokwakha enkulu;lo wokugqibela wawungowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo ngaphandle kweLondon.Uyilo lukaWebb lwango-1861–63 lwaluyinxalenye yendawo yokuhlala yamagcisa eSitalato iWorship, iprojekthi eyayinomtsalane ngokuqinisekileyo kwimithetho-siseko yakhe yobusoshiyali.Njengoko kunokulindeleka kuvulindlela we-Arts-and-Crafts Movement, umthombo weWebb wawukwimo edityanisiweyo esekwe kwikomkhulu elibunjwe ngokucokisekileyo ngaphezu kwekholamu yepolygonal.Kwakungekho zihombiso zingeyomfuneko.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthombo wama-27ft-uphakamileyo owagunyaziswa ngu-Earl of Dudley ngo-1867 wawuhonjiswe ngokwenqanaba elibi kakhulu, elisekelwe kwindawo evulekileyo.Umkroli uJames Forsyth wongeze iingqikelelo ezisisiqingatha sesetyhula kumacala omabini anamahlengesi akhangeleka enomsindo agalela amanzi emkhombeni weenkomo.Ngaphezulu kwezi, iziqingatha zangaphambili zamahashe amabini zibonakala zikhaba ngaphandle kolwakhiwo kude nophahla lwephiramidi oluneqela elingumfuziselo elimele iShishini.Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo wawuquka imizobo yeziqhamo kunye nemifanekiso yamatye aphambili yothixo womlambo kunye nenymph yamanzi.Iifoto zembali zibonisa ukuba le pomposity yeBaroque yayikhe yalungelelaniswa ngezibane ezine zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo, ezingazange zifake nje iqulatho, kodwa zikhanyisele ukusela ebusuku. Njengezinto ezimangalisayo zexesha, intsimbi yokuphosa yayiyeyona ndlela iphambili yokusela amatye. imithombo (Isazobe 6).Ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1860, iWills Brothers yase-Euston Road, eLondon isebenzisana neCoalbrookdale Iron Works eShropshire ukuseka udumo lobugcisa bevangeli.Imithombo yaseMural esaphila eCardiff nase Merthyr Tydfil (Isazobe 2) ibonisa uYesu esalatha kumyalelo othi 'Nabani na osela kuwo amanzi, endiya kumpha wona mna, akasayi kuza anxanwe naphakade'.I-Coalbrookedale nayo ikhuphe uyilo lwayo, olufana nomthombo wokusela odityanisiweyo kunye nomkhombe weenkomo owakhiwa e-Somerton e-Somerset, ukuphawula ukubekwa esihlalweni kuka-Edward VII ngo-1902.Isazobe sesi-3) kwiindawo ezikude njengeAberdeenshire kunye neIsle of Wight.Uyilo lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, oluye lweza ngokobukhulu obahlukeneyo, lwaluquka isitya esisembindini phantsi kwecanopy yentsimbi enemingxuma enombhobho oxhonywe kwiikholamu zentsimbi ezibhityileyo.IIjenali yoBugcisaithathelwe ingqalelo isiphumo sisonke njenge 'kunokuba i-Alhambresque' kwaye ngoko ifanelekile kumsebenzi wayo, isimbo 'sisoloko sinxulunyaniswa engqondweni ne-sultry East eyomileyo, apho amanzi ampompozayo anqweneleka kakhulu kunewayini yerubhi'.Olunye uyilo lwentsimbi lwaluphuma ngakumbi.Ngo-1877, uAndrew Handyside kunye noCo waseDerby banikezela ngomthombo osekwe kwiSikhumbuzo seChoragic seLysicrates eAthene kwicawa yaseLondon yaseSt Pancras.I-Strand yayisele inomthombo okhangeleka ngokufanayo, oyilwe nguWills Bros kwaye unikwe nguRobert Hanbury, owafuduselwa eWimbledon ngo-1904.