Ifoto: Courtesy Naturhistorisches Museum

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-ur wembali yobugcisa, lo mfanekiso mncinci unobude obungaphezulu kwee-intshi ezine ubude wafunyanwa e-Austria ngo-1908.Abanye abaphengululi bacebisa ukuba inokuba yayiyi-self-portrait eyenziwe ngumfazi.Yeyona idumileyo kwizinto ezininzi ezinjalo eziqala kwi-Old Stone Age.

Ifoto: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/Philip Pikart

Lo mfanekiso ubuluphawu lobuhle babasetyhini ukusukela oko wafunyanwa okokuqala ngo-1912 kumabhodlo ase-Amarna, ikomkhulu ledolophu elakhiwa ngoyena Faro wayenempikiswano kwimbali yaMandulo yaseYiputa: iAkhenaten.Ubomi bendlovukazi yakhe, uNefertiti, yinto engaqondakaliyo: Kucingelwa ukuba walawula njengoFaro ixesha elithile emva kokufa kuka-Akhenaten-okanye ngakumbi, njenge-co-regent ye-Boy King Tutankhamun.Enye i-Egyptologist ikholelwa ukuba ngokwenene wayengumama kaTut.Lo mqolomba welimestone uqatywe istucco kucingelwa ukuba ngumsebenzi wezandla zikaThutmose, umkroli wenkundla yase-Akhenaten.

Ifoto: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/Maros M raz

Yafunyaniswa ngo-1974, uMkhosi weTerracotta yindawo enkulu yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yodongwe engcwatywe kwimingxuma emithathu emikhulu kufutshane nengcwaba likaShi Huang, uMlawuli wokuqala waseTshayina, owasweleka ngo-210 BC.Eyenzelwe ukumkhusela kubomi basemva kokufa, uMkhosi ukholelwa ukuba kukho amajoni angaphezu kwama-8,000 kunye namahashe angama-670 kunye neenqwelo zokulwa ezingama-130.Ngamnye unobungakanani bobomi, nangona ubude bokwenyani buhluka ngokwenqanaba lomkhosi.

Ifoto: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/LivioAndronico

Mhlawumbi owona mfanekiso udumileyo wamandulo waseRoma,Laocoön kunye noonyana bakheyafunyanwa okokuqala eRoma ngowe-1506 yaza yafudukela kwiVatican, apho isekho nanamhlanje.Isekelwe kwintsomi yomfundisi weTrojan owabulawa kunye noonyana bakhe ngeenyoka zaselwandle ezithunyelwe nguthixo wolwandle uPoseidon njengembuyekezo yelinge likaLaocoön lokubhenca iqhinga leTrojan Horse.Iqale yafakwa kwibhotwe lika-Emperor Titus, eli qela lomfuziselo lilingana nobomi, libalelwa kwi-trio yabakroli bamaGrike abavela kwiSiqithi saseRhodes, alinakuthelekiswa nanto njengesifundo sokubandezeleka kwabantu.

Ifoto: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia/Livioandronico2013

Omnye weyona misebenzi ibalaseleyo kuyo yonke imbali yobugcisa, uDavid kaMichelangelo wayenemvelaphi kwiprojekthi enkulu yokuhombisa iibhulukhwe zecathedral enkulu yaseFlorence, iDuomo, kunye neqela lamanani athathwe kwiTestamente eNdala.IUDavideyayinye, kwaye eneneni yaqalwa ngo-1464 nguAgostino di Duccio.Kwiminyaka emibini ezayo, u-Agostino wakwazi ukukrazula inxalenye yebhloko enkulu ye-marble eqingqiweyo kwi-quarry eyaziwayo eCarrara ngaphambi kokumisa ngo-1466. (Akukho mntu uyazi ukuba kutheni.) Omnye umculi wathatha i-slack, kodwa naye, kuphela. wasebenza kuyo ngokufutshane.Ibhastile lahlala lingazange lichukunyiswe kangangeminyaka engama-25 eyalandelayo, de uMichelangelo waphinda waqalisa ukulikrola ngowe-1501. Wayeneminyaka engama-26 ubudala ngelo xesha.Akuba egqibile, uDavide wayenobunzima beetoni ezintandathu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba yayingenakuphakanyiswa kuphahla lwendlu yecawa.Endaweni yoko, yavezwa ngaphandle nje kumnyango wePalazzo Vecchio, iholo yedolophu yaseFlorence.Umzobo, oyenye yezona zinto zihlanjululweyo zodidi oluphezulu lweRenaissance, wamkelwa ngoko nangoko luluntu lwaseFlorentine njengophawu lokuchasa isixeko-karhulumente ngokuchasene namagunya alwa nawo.Ngowe-1873, iUDavideyasiwa kwi-Accademia Gallery, kwaye umfanekiso owenziwe wafakwa kwindawo owawukuyo.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweCC/Wiki Media/Alvesgaspar

Evunyiwe njengomsunguli wesitayile seBaroque yaseRoma ePhakamileyo, uGian Lorenzo Bernini wenze lo msebenzi wobugcisa wecawa kwiCawe yaseSanta Maria della Vittoria.IBaroque yayinento yokwenza noHlaziyo olwathi ngalo iCawa yamaKatolika yazama ukuphelisa ubuProtestanti obabugquba eYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-17.Imisebenzi yobugcisa efana nekaBernini yayiyinxalenye yenkqubo yokuqinisekisa kwakhona imfundiso kaPapa, ekhonzwa kakuhle apha bubuchule bukaBernini bokufaka imiboniso yenkolo ngamabali amangalisayo.Ecstasyngumzekelo woku: Umxholo wayo—iNgcwele uTeresa ka-Ávila, unongendi waseCarmelite waseSpeyin noyintsomi owabhala ngokudibana kwakhe nengelosi—uboniswa kanye njengokuba ingelosi yayiza kuphosa utolo entliziyweni yakhe.Ecstasy's iithowuni ezivuselela inkanuko aziphazamisi, ngokucacileyo kwintetho ye-nun's orgasmic kunye nelaphu elijijekileyo esongayo yomibini imifanekiso.Umyili wezakhiwo njengabo bonke njengegcisa, uBernini ukwayile ukusetwa kweChapel ngebhastile, istucco kunye nepeyinti.

Ifoto: Ngenkxaso yeMetropolitan Museum of Art/Fletcher Fund

Umzobi waseTaliyane u-Antonio Canova (1757-1822) uthathwa njengoyena mkroli ubalaseleyo wenkulungwane ye-18.Umsebenzi wakhe ubonisa isimbo seNeo-Classical, njengoko unokubona kwinguqulelo yakhe kwibhastile legorha lasentsomini lamaGrike uPerseus.UCanova wenze iinguqulelo ezimbini zesiqwenga: Enye ihlala eVatican eRoma, ngelixa enye ime kwiMetropolitan Museum of Art's European Sculpture Court.

Ifoto: IMyuziyam yeMetropolitan yoBugcisa

Ngelixa inkosi ye-Impressionist u-Edgar Degas waziwa kakhulu njengomzobi, naye wasebenza kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, evelisa eyona nto yayiyeyona nzame ibalaseleyo kwi-euvre yakhe.I-Degas yenziweUmdanisi omncinci oneminyaka elishumi elinesine ubudalangaphandle kwewax (ekwaphoswa kuzo iikopi zobhedu ezalandelayo emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1917), kodwa into yokuba uDegas enxibe isihloko sakhe esingaziwa kwisinxibo sokwenyani se-ballet (egcwele ibhodice, i-tutu kunye ne-slippers) kunye newigi yeenwele zokwenyani yabangela uvakalelo xaUmdanisiyaqalwa kwiSixth Impressionist Exhibition ka-1881 eParis.I-Degas inyulwe ukugubungela uninzi lwemihlobiso yakhe kwi-wax ukuze ihambelane nezinye iimpawu zentombazana, kodwa wayigcina i-tutu, kunye ne-ribhoni ebophezelayo exhasa iinwele zakhe, njengoko babenjalo, ukwenza umfanekiso omnye wemizekelo yokuqala yezinto ezifunyenweyo. ubugcisa.Umdanisiyayikuphela komzobo owaboniswa nguDegas ebomini bakhe;emva kokufa kwakhe, eminye imizekelo eyi-156 yafunyanwa ityhafile kwisitudiyo sakhe.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweMyuziyam yasePhiladelphia yoBugcisa

Ngelixa uninzi lwabantu lunxulumanisa umkroli omkhulu waseFransi u-Auguste Rodin nayeUmntu ocingayo, le ndibano yokukhumbula isiganeko seMfazwe Yeminyaka Elikhulu (1337–1453) phakathi kweBritani neFransi ibaluleke ngakumbi kwimbali yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.Kugunyaziswe ukuba kufakwe ipaki kwisixeko saseCalais (apho ungqingo oluthathe unyaka wonke ngamaNgesi ngo-1346 lwathi lwaphakanyiswa xa abadala bedolophu abathandathu bazinikela ukuba babulawe ukuze basindise abantu),IiBurghersWayishiya ifomathi eqhelekileyo yezikhumbuzo ngelo xesha: Endaweni yokuba amanani abekwe yedwa okanye afunjwe kwiphiramidi phezu kwesiseko esiphakamileyo, uRodin wahlanganisa izifundo zakhe ezinobungakanani bobomi ngokuthe ngqo emhlabeni, kumgangatho kunye nombukeli.Le ntshukumo ikhawulezayo yokuya kwinyani yahlukana nempatho yobugorha edla ngokunikwa imisebenzi yangaphandle enjalo.NgeIiBurghers, uRodin wathabatha elinye lamanyathelo okuqala ukuya kwimizobo yale mihla.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweCC/Flickr/Wally Gobetz

Ngomnyaka we-1912, uPicasso wenza i-maquette yekhadibhodi yesiqwenga esiya kuba nefuthe elibi kakhulu kubugcisa benkulungwane yama-20.Kwakhona kwingqokelela ye-MoMA, yayibonisa isiginkci, isifundo esihlala sijongwa nguPicasso kwipeyinti nakwikholaji, nakwizinto ezininzi,Isiginciudlulise iindlela zekholaji zokusika kunye nokuncamathelisa ukusuka kumacala amabini ukuya kwisithathu.Yenze into efanayo kwiCubism, ngokunjalo, ngokuhlanganisa iimilo ezisicaba ukwenza ifom enezinto ezininzi ezinobunzulu kunye nomthamo.Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kukaPicasso yayikukubaleka ukukrolwa okuqhelekileyo kunye nokwenziwa komfanekiso oqingqiweyo ophuma kubunzima obuqinileyo.Endaweni yoko,Isiginciyayibotshelelwe ndawonye njengesakhiwo.Le ngcamango iya kuphinda ibuyele kwi-Russian Constructivism ukuya kwi-Minimalism nangaphaya.Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokwenza i-Isigincikwikhadibhodi, Picasso wadala olu guqulelo kwitoti ezisikiweyo

Ifoto: IMyuziyam yeMetropolitan yoBugcisa

Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwayo ukuya kuthi ga ekuzalweni kwayo kokugqibela kobuFasi, iFuturism yaseTaliyane yothusa umhlaba, kodwa akukho msebenzi umnye obonisa idelirium yentshukumo ngaphandle kwalo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ngesinye sezibane zawo eziphambili: Umberto Boccioni.Ukuqala njengomzobi, uBoccioni wajika wasebenza kumacala amathathu emva kohambo luka-1913 oluya eParis apho wayekhenketha izitudiyo zabakroli abaliqela belo xesha, abanjengoConstantin Brancusi, uRaymond Duchamp-Villon noAlexander Archipenko.I-Boccioni idibanise izimvo zabo kobu buchule buguqukayo, obubonisa umzobo ohambahambayo osetwe “kuqhubekeko lokwenziwa” kwentshukumo njengoko uBoccioni eyichaza.Isiqwenga saqale sadalwa kwi-plaster kwaye ayizange iphoswe kwinguqulelo yayo yobhedu eqhelekileyo de kwangowe-1931, emva kokubhubha komzobi ngo-1916 njengelungu lebutho lomkhosi wase-Italiya ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweCC/Flickr/Steve Guttman NYC

Uzalelwe eRomania, uBrancusi wayengomnye wabakroli ababalulekileyo bokuqala kwenkulungwane yama-20-kwaye eneneni, omnye wawona manani abalulekileyo kuyo yonke imbali yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.Uhlobo lweproto-minimalist, u-Brancusi wathatha iifom kwindalo kwaye wazihlengahlengisa zibe yimiboniso engabonakaliyo.Isimbo sakhe saphenjelelwa bubugcisa belizwe lakowabo, obuhlala bubonisa iipateni zejometri eziqaqambileyo kunye nesitayile esinesitayile.Akazange enze mahluko phakathi kwento kunye nesiseko, eziphatha, kwiimeko ezithile, njengezinto ezinokutshintshana-indlela emele ikhefu elibalulekileyo kunye nezithethe eziqingqiweyo.Lo mfanekiso ungumfanekiso womzekelo wakhe kunye nesithandwa sakhe, uMargit Pogány, umfundi wezobugcisa waseHungary awadibana naye eParis ngowe-1910. Ukuphindaphinda kokuqala kwakuqingqwe ngelitye lebhastile, kulandelwa ikopi ye-plaster eyenziwe ngayo olu bhedu.Udaka ngokwalo lwaboniswa eNew York kuMboniso weArmory odumileyo ngowe-1913, apho abagxeki babehlekisa ngawo kwaye bawucukuceza.Kodwa yayiyeyona nto yaphinda yaveliswa kumboniso.UBrancusi usebenze kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zeMlle Poganymalunga neminyaka engama-20.

Ifoto: Ngenkxaso yeMyuziyam yoBugcisa bale mihla

Ivili lebhayisekileithathwa njengeyokuqala kwi-readymade yenguqu ye-Duchamp.Nangona kunjalo, xa wayegqiba isiqwenga kwisitudiyo sakhe saseParis, wayengenalo nofifi lokuba athini na.“Ndibe nombono owonwabileyo wokubophelela ivili lebhayisekile kwisitulo sasekhitshini kwaye ndibukele xa lijika,” utshilo uDuchamp kamva.Kwathabatha uhambo lwe-1915 ukuya eNew York, kunye nokuvezwa kwimveliso enkulu yesixeko yempahla eyakhiwe kumzi-mveliso, ukuba uDuchamp eze neli xesha elimisiweyo.Okubaluleke ngakumbi, waqala ukubona ukuba ukwenza ubugcisa ngendlela yendabuko, eyenziwe ngesandla kubonakala kungenanjongo kwi-Industrial Age.Wathi kutheni uzikhathaza, xa izinto ezenziweyo ezifumaneka ngokubanzi zinokuwenza lo msebenzi.KuDuchamp, umbono osemva komzobo wawubaluleke ngakumbi kunendlela owawusenziwa ngayo.Lo mbono-mhlawumbi umzekelo wokuqala wokwenyani we-Conceptual Art-ungayiguqula ngokupheleleyo imbali yobugcisa ukuya phambili.Ngokufana nento eqhelekileyo yendlu, nangona kunjalo, eyona nto yokuqalaIvili lebhayisekileayizange iphile: Le nguqulo eneneni ikopi yango-1951.

Ifoto: Whitney Museum of American Art,

Umfanekiso othandekayo wengqokelela esisigxina yeMyuziyam yaseWhitney,Isekisi yeCalderukhupha into edlalwa nguAlexander Calder (1898-1976) njengegcisa eliye lanceda ukubumba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wama-20.Isekisi, eyadalwa ngexesha lomculi eParis, yayingekho ngaphantsi kwe-"mobiles" yakhe yokuxhoma, kodwa ngendlela yayo, yayifana ne-kinetic: Yenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngocingo kunye nomthi,Isekisiyasebenza njengendawo ephambili yemidlalo yokuphucula, apho uCalder wayejikeleza imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo ebonisa abachasi, abaginyi bekrele, iingonyama zeengonyama, njl.njl., njengothixo weringi.

Ifoto: Ngenkxaso ye-J. Paul Getty Museum

Njengomzobi kunye nomyili wetapestry kunye nomkroli, igcisa lesiFrentshi uAristide Maillol (1861-1944) unokuchazwa ngcono njengeNeo-Classicist yale mihla ebeka ulungelelwaniso, inkulungwane yama-20 ijikelezisa kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamaGrike namaRoma.Usenokuchazwa njengomntu ogcina izinto ngokungqongqo, nangona kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuba nabantu ababephila ngexesha le-avant-garde abafana noPicasso bavelisa imisebenzi ngokuhlengahlengiswa kwesitayile seNeo-Classical emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Isihloko sikaMaillol yayingowasetyhini uhamba ze, kwaye ngoL'Air, wenze umahluko phakathi kobunzima bombandela wakhe, nendlela ebonakala ngathi idada ngayo esibhakabhakeni—ilungelelanisa, ngokungathi kunjalo, imizimba etyebileyo nobukho obuguquguqukayo.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweCC/Flickr/C-Monster

Umzobi waseJapan osebenza kwiindlela ezininzi, uKusama weza eNew York ngo-1957 ebuyela eJapan ngo-1972. Okwangoku, wazibonakalisa njengomntu obalaseleyo wendawo yedolophu, lowo ubugcisa bakhe bachukumisa iziseko ezininzi, kuquka iPop Art, Minimalism. kunye noBugcisa boMsebenzi.Njengegcisa labasetyhini elihlala libhekisa kwisini sabasetyhini, wayekwangumanduleli we-Feminist Art.Umsebenzi kaKusama uhlala ubonakaliswe ngeepateni ze-hallucinogenic kunye nokuphindaphinda kweefom, ukunyanzeliswa okusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile zengqondo-i-hallucinations, i-OCD-uye wabandezeleka ukususela ebuntwaneni.Yonke le miba yobugcisa kunye nobomi bukaKusuma bubonakaliswe kulo msebenzi, apho isitulo esiqhelekileyo, esiphakanyisiweyo esilula sinyanzeliswa ngokungenaloyiko ngokuqhambuka kwesibetho se-phallic protuberances eyenziwe ngelaphu elithungelweyo.

Ifoto: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, © 2019 Estate of Marisol/ Albright-Knox Art Gallery/Arits Rights Society (ARS), New York

Waziwa nje ngegama lakhe lokuqala, uMarisol Escobar (1930-2016) wazalelwa eParis kubazali baseVenezuela.Njengomzobi, wanxulumana nePop Art kwaye kamva u-Op Art, nangona ngokwesitayile, wayengeloqela linye.Endaweni yoko, udale itafile engokomfuziselo eyayithetha ukuba satires yabasetyhini kwiindima zesini, abantu abadumileyo kunye nobutyebi.KwiAbasetyhini kunye neNjauthabatha ulwazelelelo lwamabhinqa, nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo imilinganiselo emiselwe ngamadoda ukubanyanzela ukuba bavumelane.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweCC/Flickr/Rocor

Ibhokisi yeBrillo mhlawumbi ngoyena waziwa kakhulu kuthotho lwemisebenzi eqingqiweyo iWarhol eyenziwe phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-'60s, eyathatha ngokufanelekileyo uphando lwakhe lwenkcubeko yepop ibe yimilinganiselo emithathu.Ngokunyanisekileyo kwigama elithi Warhol wayenike istudiyo sakhe-iFactory-igcisa laqesha abachweli ukuba basebenze uhlobo lomgca wokuhlanganisa, bebethelela iibhokisi zokhuni ngendlela yeebhokisi zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iHeinz Ketchup, iKellogg's Corn Flakes kunye neCampbell's Soup. kakuhle Brillo isepha pads.Emva koko wapeyinta ibhokisi nganye umbala ohambelana noqobo (omhlophe kwimeko kaBrillo) ngaphambi kokuba wongeze igama lemveliso kunye nelogo kwiscreen sesilika.Eyenziwe ngokuphindaphinda, iibhokisi zazihlala ziboniswa kwiimfumba ezikhulu, zijika ngokufanelekileyo nayiphi na igalari ababekuyo kwifaksi yenkcubeko ephezulu yendawo yokugcina impahla.Ubume babo kunye nemveliso ye-serial mhlawumbi yayiyi-nod ukuya-okanye i-parody ye-isitayela se-Minimalist sangoko.Kodwa eyona ngongoma yeIbhokisi yeBrilloyindlela uqikelelo lwayo olusondeleyo kwinto yokwenyani oluzibhukuqa ngayo iindibano zobugcisa, ngokuthetha ukuba akukho mahluko wokwenyani phakathi kweempahla ezenziweyo kunye nomsebenzi osuka kwisitudiyo samagcisa.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweCC/Flickr/Esther Westerveld

Igama likaDonald Judd lisisithethantonye neMinimal Art, intshukumo yaphakathi kwiminyaka yee-'60s eyathi yachitha ubunzima bemodernism's rationalist ukuba ibe nezinto ezibalulekileyo.KuJudd, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wawuthetha ubukho bekhonkrithi bomsebenzi emajukujukwini.Lo mbono wachazwa ligama elithi, "into ethile," kwaye ngelixa abanye abaMinimalis beyamkela, uJudd wanika le ngcamango intetho ecocekileyo ngokwamkela ibhokisi njengefomu yakhe yokutyikitya.NjengoWarhol, wazivelisa njengeeyunithi eziphinda-phindayo, esebenzisa izixhobo kunye neendlela ezibolekwe kwimizi-mveliso.Ngokungafaniyo neetoti zesobho zikaWarhol kunye noMarilyns, ubugcisa bukaJudd babubhekisa kwinto engaphandle kwayo.“Iziqwenga” zakhe zezinye zezinto zakhe ezaziwa kakhulu.Nganye iqulathe iqela leebhokisi ezifanayo ezingenzulwanga ezenziwe ngesinyithi samaphepha, ezijula ​​eludongeni ukwenza ikholamu yezinto ezilungelelanisiweyo.Kodwa uJudd, owaqala njengomzobi, wayenomdla kumbala kunye nokuthungwa njengoko wayekwimo, njengoko kubonwa apha nge-lacquer ye-auto-tinted auto-body efakwe kubuso bangaphambili bebhokisi nganye.Ukudibana kukaJudd kombala kunye nezinto eziphathekayo kunikaOkungenasihloko (Isitaki)ubuhle obukhawulezayo obuthambisa i-abstract absolutism.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweCC/Flickr/Rocor

NjengoBenglis, uHesse wayeligcisa labasetyhini elahluza iPostminimalism ngeprism yobufazi.UmYuda owabaleka eJamani yamaNazi esengumntwana, waphonononga iifom ze-organic, wenza iziqwenga kwi-fiberglass yeshishini, i-latex kunye nentambo ekhupha ulusu okanye inyama, izitho zangasese kunye namanye amalungu omzimba.Ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe, kuyahenda ukufumana indawo engaphantsi kokwenzakala okanye ukuxhalaba kwimisebenzi efana nale.

Ifoto: Ngenkxaso yeMyuziyam yoBugcisa bale mihla

Ukulandela uJudd kunye noFlavin, iqela lamagcisa aphuma kwi-Minimalism yobuhle bemigca ecocekileyo.Njengenxalenye yesi sizukulwana se-Postminimalist, uRichard Serra ubeke ingcamango yento ethile kwi-steroids, ikhulisa kakhulu isikali kunye nobunzima bayo, kwaye yenza imithetho yomxhuzulane idityaniswe nombono.Wadala izenzo eziyingozi zokulinganisa intsimbi okanye iipleyiti zelothe kunye nemibhobho enobunzima kwiitoni, eziye zaba nefuthe lokunika imvakalelo yobungozi emsebenzini.(Kwizihlandlo ezibini, abaqhankqalazi abafaka iziqwenga zeSerra babulawa okanye benzakaliswa xa umsebenzi uye wawa ngempazamo.) Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, umsebenzi kaSerra uye wamkela ucokiso lwe-curvilinear olwenze lwathandwa kakhulu, kodwa ekuqaleni, lusebenza njengeTon enye yeProp (iNdlu). of Cards), ebonisa iipleyiti ezine ilothe ezithe nca kunye, zazisa iinkxalabo zakhe ngokuthe ngqo okukhohlakeleyo.

Ifoto: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/Soren.harward/Robert Smithson

Ukulandela umkhwa wenkcubeko jikelele ngexesha le-1960 kunye ne-1970s, amagcisa aqala ukuvukela urhwebo lwehlabathi legalari, ephuhlisa ubugcisa obutsha obufana nehlabathi.Ekwaziwa njengobugcisa bomhlaba, oyena mntu uphambili kolu hlobo yayinguRobert Smithson (1938-1973), owathi, kunye namagcisa anjengoMichael Heizer, uWalter De Maria kunye noJames Turrel, bangena kwintlango yaseNtshona United States ukwenza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu. benza ngekonsathi neendawo ezibangqongileyo.Le ndlela yokujongana nesayithi, njengoko yayibizwa njalo, izinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ezithathwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-landscape.Injalo imeko kaSmithson'sIJetty Spiral, engenela kwi-Utah's Great Salt Lake ukusuka eRozel Point kunxweme olukumntla-mpuma wechibi.Yenziwe ngodaka, iikristale zetyuwa kunye ne-basalt ekhutshwe kwindawo,Imilinganiselo ye-Spiral Jetty1,500 nge 15 iinyawo.Yantywiliselwa phantsi kwechibi amashumi eminyaka de imbalela ebutsheni bowama-2000 yayizisa phezu komhlaba kwakhona.Ngo-2017,IJetty Spiralkwathiwa ngumsebenzi wobugcisa osemthethweni wase-Utah.

Ifoto: Ngoncedo lweCC/Wikimedia Commons/FLICKR/Pierre Metivier

Umsebenzi wokutyikitya wegcisa elizalelwe eFransi,Isigcawuyadalwa phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990 xa uBourgeois (1911-2010) wayesele ekwiminyaka yakhe yamashumi asibhozo.Ikho kwiinguqulelo ezininzi zesikali esahlukileyo, kubandakanywa nezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu.Isigcawukuthethwa njengomnikelo kumama womzobi, umbuyiseli wetapestry (kungoko kubhekiselwa kwindlela ye-arachnid yokujikeleza iiwebhu).

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Ophumelele ibhaso leTurner elidumileyo ngo-1994, u-Antony Gormley ngomnye wabenzi bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ababhiyozelwa ngoku e-UK, kodwa waziwa kwihlabathi liphela ngokuthatha kwakhe okukhethekileyo kubugcisa bomfuziselo, apho kusekelwe ukwahluka okubanzi kwesikali kunye nesimbo. ubukhulu becala, kwithempleyithi enye: Iqonga lomzimba womzobi.Kuyinyani kweli litye lesikhumbuzo likhulu elinamaphiko elikufuphi nedolophu yaseGateshead kumantla mpuma eNgilani.Ihleli ecaleni kwendlela enkulu,AngelUkuphakama kuphakame kangangeemitha ezingama-66 kwaye ububanzi buziimitha ezingama-177 ukusuka kwincam yamaphiko ukuya kwincam yephiko.Ngokutsho kweGormley, umsebenzi ubhekiselwe njengophawu lomfuziselo phakathi kwexesha elidlulileyo lemizi-mveliso yaseBritane (umzobo ukwilizwe lamalahle eNgilani, intliziyo yeNguqu yezoShishino) kunye nekamva layo lasemva koshishino.

Ngoncedo lweCC/Flickr/Richard Howe

Ibizwa ngokuba yi "Bean" ngabaseChicago ngenxa yemo egobileyo ye-ellipsoidal,Cloud Gate, I-Anish Kapoor's public art centerpiece for the Second City's Millennium Park , iyona mizobo yobugcisa kunye nezakhiwo, ukubonelela nge-Instagram-ready archway ye-strollers ngeCawa kunye nezinye iindwendwe eziya epakini.Yenziwe ngentsimbi ebonisiweyo,Cloud Gate's fun-house reflection kunye nobukhulu-bukhulu buyenza iKapoor's eyona piece eyaziwayo.

Ngembeko yegcisa kunye noGreene Naftali, eNew York

Umsebenzi kaRachel Harrison udibanisa ubuseko obugqibeleleyo kunye nobuchule bokufaka izinto ezibonakala ngathi zingekho kunye neentsingiselo ezininzi, kubandakanya nezopolitiko.Ubuza ngokuqatha ubungangamsha kunye nelungelo lobudoda elihamba nalo.UHarrison udala ubuninzi bemifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo ngokupakisha kunye nokulungelelanisa iibhloko okanye amacwecwe eStyrofoam, ngaphambi kokuwagquma ngokudityaniswa kwesamente kunye nepeyinti iyachuma.I-cherry phezulu luhlobo oluthile lwento efunyenweyo, nokuba yodwa okanye idibene nabanye.Owona mzekelo uphambili yile mannequin phezu kwefomu emide, etshizwe ngepeyinti.Enxibe i-cape, kunye nemaski ejonge ngasemva ka-Abraham Lincoln, umsebenzi uthumela ithiyori yembali yendoda enkulu kunye nentshukumo yayo yomeyisi weHlabathi laMandulo emi mde phezu kwelitye elinombala ohlekisayo.