Intshayelelo
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ibikho kangangeenkulungwane, kwaye isaqhubeka ingomnye wemisebenzi yobugcisa echukumisayo neyoyikekayo ehlabathini.Ukususela kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseYiputa yamandulo ukuya kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeGrisi yamandulo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ine-ca.yakhulisa intelekelelo yomntu kangangewaka leminyaka.
Kodwa yintoni malunga nobhedu eyenza ukuba ibe yindawo efanelekileyo ye-sculpture?Kutheni le nto imikrolo yobhedu imile kangangexesha elide, ngoxa ezinye izinto ziwe ecaleni kwendlela?
(Jonga: Imizobo yobhedu)
Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga ngakumbi kwimbali yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu, kwaye siphonononge izizathu zokuba kutheni ibiyinto edumileyo yamagcisa ukutyhubela iminyaka.Siza kujonga kwakhona eminye yeyona mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yobhedu idumileyo ehlabathini, kwaye sixoxe ukuba ungayifumana phi namhlanje.
Ke nokuba ungumntu othanda ubugcisa bakudala okanye unomdla nje ngembali yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu, qhubeka ufunde ukujonga okunomdla kolu hlobo lobugcisa olungaphelelwa lixesha.
kwaye ukuba ukhangelaimifanekiso yobhedu ethengiswayongokwakho, siza kubonelela ngeengcebiso malunga nokuba ungazifumana phi amaxabiso angcono.
Ngoko ulindele ntoni?Masiqalise!
IGrisi yamandulo
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yayiyenye yezona ndlela zobugcisa zibalulekileyo kwiGrisi yamandulo.Ibronzi yayiyeyona nto ixatyiswa kakhulu, yaye yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza iindidi ngeendidi zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ukusuka kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emincinane ukuya kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu.Abakroli bamaGrike bobhedu babeziincutshe kubuchule babo baza bavelisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo nezintsonkothileyo zokubumba ubhedu.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuqala yobhedu yamaGrike ibuyele kwixesha leJometri (c. 900-700 BCE).Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yamandulo yayidla ngokuba mincinane yaye ilula, kodwa yayibonisa ubuchule nobugcisa obumangalisayo.Ngexesha lamandulo (malunga nowama-700-480 B.C.E.), umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamaGrike wobhedu wawusele uphucukile.Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu yeBronzizazixhaphakile, yaye abakroli bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo babekwazi ukubamba uluhlu olubanzi lweemvakalelo namabinzana abantu.
Eminye yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yamaGrike iquka:
- UBHUBHU WEERIKA (C. 460 BCE)
- I-ARTEMISION BRONZE (C. 460 BCE)
Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuphosa eyayisetyenziswa ngabakroli bamaGrike yayiyindlela yokuphosa iwax elahlekileyo.Le ndlela yayibandakanya ukudala imodeli ye-wax yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo, owawufakwe ngodongwe.Udongwe lwalufudunyezwa, lunyibilikise umthwebeba luze lushiye isithuba esinomngxuma kwindlela emile ngayo loo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo.Emva koko kwakugalelwa ubhedu olutyhidiweyo kweso sithuba, luze udongwe lususwe ukuze kuvele umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ogqityiweyo.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamaGrike yayidla ngokuba nentsingiselo yokomfuziselo.Ngokomzekelo, iDoryphoros yayiyimbonakaliso yendlela efanelekileyo yobudoda, yaye uloyiso olunamaphiko lwaseSamothrace lwalungumfuziselo woloyiso.IsiGrikeimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu yobheduzazisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukukhumbula iziganeko ezibalulekileyo okanye abantu.
IYIPUTA yamandulo
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ibe yinxalenye yenkcubeko yaseYiputa kangangeenkulungwane, esusela kwiXesha lokuQala leDynastic (c. 3100-2686 BCE).Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yayisoloko isetyenziselwa iinjongo zonqulo okanye umngcwabo, kwaye yayisoloko isenziwa ukubonisa abantu ababalulekileyo bembali yaseYiputa okanye iintsomi.
Ezinye zeyona mifanekiso idumileyo yobhedu yaseYiputa ibandakanya
- UMFANEKISO WEBROZE WE-HORUS FALCON
- UMFANEKISO WEBRONZE WE-ISIS NGEHORUS
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yenziwa eYiputa kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokuphosa iwax elahlekileyo.Obu buchule bubandakanya ukudala imodeli yomfanekiso owenziwe nge-wax, kwaye emva koko uvale imodeli ngodongwe.Emva koko ukubumba ngodongwe kuyafudunyezwa, nto leyo enyibilikisa umthwebeba kuze kushiye isithuba esingenamngxuma.Emva koko kugalelwa ubhedu olutyhidiweyo kwisithuba esikroliweyo, yaye ukungunda kuyaqhawuka ukuze kuvele umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ogqityiweyo.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yayidla ngokuhonjiswa ngeempawu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka i-ankh (umfuziselo wobomi), iwa (umfuziselo wamandla), kunye nedjed (umfuziselo wozinzo).Le miqondiso kwakukholelwa ukuba inamandla omlingo, kwaye yayisoloko isetyenziselwa ukukhusela imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nabantu abangabanikazi bayo.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu iyaqhubeka nokuthandwa namhlanje, kwaye inokufumaneka kwiimyuziyam kunye neengqokelela zabucala kwihlabathi liphela.Zibubungqina bobuchule kunye nobugcisa babakroli bamandulo baseYiputa, kwaye baqhubeka bekhuthaza amagcisa kunye nabaqokeleli namhlanje.
China yamandulo
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo weBronzi unembali ende kunye netyebileyo e-China, ebuyela emva kwi-Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE).Ubhedu lwaluyinto exabiswa kakhulu eTshayina, kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iinqanawa zesithethe, izixhobo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Eminye yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yaseTshayina idumileyo ibandakanya:
- I-DING
I-Ding luhlobo lwenqanawa ye-tripod eyayisetyenziselwa iinjongo zesithethe.IiDings zazihlala zihonjiswe ngoyilo olucokisekileyo, kubandakanya i-zoomorphic motifs, iipateni zejometri, kunye nemibhalo.
(Indlu yefandesi yaseSotheby)
- I ZUN
IZun luhlobo lwesitya sewayini esasisetyenziselwa iinjongo zesiko.IiZuns zazihlala zihonjiswe ngemifanekiso yezilwanyana, kwaye maxa wambi zazisetyenziswa njengeenqanawa zokuthulula.
(Isikhongozeli sewayini (zun) |I-Metropolitan Museum of Art)
- I-BI
I-Bi luhlobo lwediski eyayisetyenziselwa iinjongo zemibhiyozo.I-Bis yayihlala ihonjiswe ngoyilo olungabonakaliyo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha yayisetyenziswa njengezibuko.
(Etsy)
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yaphoswa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchule, kubandakanywa nendlela elahlekileyo yewax.Indlela elahlekileyo ye-wax yinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebandakanya ukudala imodeli ye-wax ye-sculpture, ifake imodeli ngodongwe, kwaye inyibilikise i-wax edongeni.Emva koko ubhedu olutyhidiweyo lugalelwa kubumba lodongwe, yaye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo utyhilwa emva kokuba umngundo uqhekezwe wavuleka.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yayidla ngokuhonjiswa ngemifanekiso efuziselayo.Ngokomzekelo, inamba yayiluphawu lwamandla kunye namandla, kwaye i-phoenix yayingumqondiso wobomi obude kunye nokuzalwa kwakhona.Le mifuziselo yayisoloko isetyenziselwa ukudlulisela imiyalezo yonqulo okanye yezobupolitika.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu iyaqhubeka nokuthandwa namhlanje, kwaye inokufumaneka kwiimyuziyam kunye neengqokelela zabucala kwihlabathi liphela.Zibubungqina bezakhono zobugcisa kunye nobuchwepheshe beengcibi zamandulo zaseTshayina, kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza amagcisa kunye nabaqokeleli namhlanje.
Indiya yamandulo
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ibiyinxalenye yobugcisa baseIndiya kangangeenkulungwane, ukusukela kwi-Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE).Ezi bronzes zakuqala zazihlala zincinci kwaye zibuthathaka, kwaye zazibonisa izilwanyana okanye amanani abantu ngendlela yendalo.
Njengoko inkcubeko yaseIndiya yavela, kwakunjalo nangesitayile somfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu.Ebudeni boBukhosi bakwaGupta (ngowama-320-550 CE), imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yaba mikhulu yaza yantsonkotha ngakumbi, yaye yayidla ngokuzoba imifanekiso yonqulo okanye imiboniso evela kwiintsomi.
Eminye iMizobo evela eIndiya ibandakanya:
- 'INTOMBAZANA EDANYO KA-MOHENJODARO'
- INATARAJA YOBRONZE
- INKOSI KRISHNA UDIDANISA KWINYOKA YAKALIYA
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
- YIYIPHI IMPUPUTHEKO YAMANDULO EYAVELISA IMIFANEKISO YOBHUDU YADUMAYO?
Imimandla emininzi yempucuko yamandulo yashiya ilifa elingunaphakade ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu eyaziwayo.KwiGrisi yamandulo, amagcisa afana noMyron kunye noPraxiteles benza imisebenzi yobugcisa ebalaseleyo, kuquka “iDiscobolus” kunye “nePoseidon yeArtemision.
Ukwenziwa kweBronze kwafikelela kweyona ncopho ikhoyo kwiChina yakudala ngexesha leShang kunye neZhou Dynasties, ezinezitya ezintsonkothileyo ezifana ne "ding" kunye ne "Ritual Wine Container eneZoomorphic Motifs."Ngelixa i-Egypt idume ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamatye, ikwavelise imizobo yobhedu ephawulekayo ngexesha loBukumkani obutsha kunye neXesha lasemva kwexesha, inemifanekiso emele oothixo noofaro, abafana nomfanekiso wobhedu waseBastet.
I-Indian Chola Dynasty yakudala yenza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yenkolo yobhedu enezithixo ezinje ngoShiva noVishnu, ezaziwa ngeenkcukacha zazo ezigqwesileyo kunye nokuma okuguquguqukayo.Ezinye iimpucuko, njengamaEtruria, amaMaya namaSkitiya, nazo zaba negalelo kwizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo nezityebileyo kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamandulo yobhedu.
- ZEZIPHI IIMPAWU EZISETYENZISWAYO UKONGEZA UBHUXE UKUYEKA LE MIFANEKISO?
IGrisi yamandulo: Abakroli bamaGrike babedla ngokusebenzisa ezinye izinto ezifana nebhastile, iimpondo zendlovu, negolide ukuze bathandeke ngakumbi kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu.
China yamandulo: Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yaseTshayina yayihlotshiswe ngamaxesha athile ngezinto zokuhlobisa ezenziwe nge-jade, amatye anqabileyo, okanye i-enamel epeyintiweyo.
IYiputa yamandulo: AmaJiphutha adibanisa ubhedu nezinye izinto ezifana nemithi, ifaience (uhlobo lweceramic emenyezelayo), kunye neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo njengegolide nesilivere ukwenza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo entsonkothileyo nehonjisiweyo.
Indiya yamandulo: Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yaseIndiya maxa wambi yayihonjiswa ngamatye anqabileyo, njengeerubhi okanye ii<em>emeraldi, yaye yayidla ngokuhonjiswa ngezacholo neentloko ezihonjisiweyo ezenziwe ngegolide okanye isilivere.
Ezi zinto zongezelelekileyo zongeze ubunzulu obungakumbi, umfuziselo, kunye nexabiso lobugcisa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yezi mpucuko zamandulo.
- IMIFANEKISO YAMANDULO YOBHUSI YALONDOLOZWA YAZA YAFUMANWA NJANI ABAMBILI BOKUDLA EMVA KWAMAHLANJE?
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yamandulo igcinwe kwaye ifunyenwe ngabavubukuli ngokusebenzisa iimeko zokungcwaba, iindawo eziphantsi kwamanzi, ukumba, uphando lwe-archaeological, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngemigudu yokubuyisela ekuphangweni nasekuqokeleleni.Ukungcwatywa emangcwabeni okanye kwiindawo ezingcwele, ukuntywiliselwa emanzini, ukugrunjwa ngengozi okanye okucwangcisiweyo, uphando olucwangcisiweyo, kunye nezenzo zokuthotyelwa komthetho zifak' isandla ekubuyiselweni kwazo.Ngomsebenzi ocokisekileyo wezinto zakudala zakudala, iindlela eziphuculweyo zokwemba, kunye neendlela zokulondoloza, ukufunyanwa kunye nokugcinwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yamandulo kunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kubugcisa kunye nenkcubeko yempucuko yamandulo.
- YADALWA NJANI IMIFANEKISO YOBHDU KWIMPUCUKO YAMANDULO?
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu kwimpucuko yamandulo yayidla ngokuyilwa kusetyenziswa indlela yokuphosa iwax elahlekileyo.Okokuqala, imodeli yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenziwa kwizinto ezithambileyo, ezifana nodongwe okanye i-wax.Kwandula ke, kwaqulunqwa umngundo ojikeleze loo mfanekiso, ushiya isithuba sobhedu olutyhidiweyo.Emva kokuba umngundo uqina, imodeli yewax yayinyibilika kwaye ikhutshwe, ishiya umngxuma.Ubhedu olutyhidiweyo lwalugalelwa emngxunyeni, luzalise umngundo.Wakuba upholile waze woqina, umngundo wawushenxiswa, yaye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wawucokiswa ngakumbi ngobuchule bokukhazimliswa nokuchaza iinkcukacha.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-01-2023