Amanani anyukayo eendwendwe aya kwiMyuziyam yaseSanxingdui eGuanghan, kwiphondo laseSichuan, ngaphandle kobhubhani we-COVID-19.

ULuo Shan, umamkeli oselula kwindawo yendibano, udla ngokubuzwa ngabantu abafika kusasa ngentseni ukuba kutheni bengamfumani umlindi oza kubabonisa.

Imyuziyam isebenzisa izikhokelo ezithile, kodwa abakwazanga ukumelana nokufika kweendwendwe ngequbuliso, utshilo uLuo.

NgoMgqibelo, bangaphezulu kwe-9,000 abantu abandwendwele imyuziyam, ngokuphindwe kane inani lempelaveki eqhelekileyo. Ukuthengiswa kwamatikiti kufikelele kwi-510,000 yuan (i-$77,830), isibini esiphezulu semihla ngemihla ukususela oko lavulwa ngo-1997.

Ukwanda kwabatyeleli kubangelwe lusasazo oluphilayo lweentsalela ezigrunjiweyo kwimingxuma emithandathu esanda kufunyanwa kwindawo yeSanxingdui Ruins. Usasazo lwasasazwa kwi-China Central Television iintsuku ezintathu ukusuka nge-20 kaMatshi.

Kwesi siza, kuye kwavunjululwa izinto zakudala ezingaphezu kwama-500, eziquka iimaski zegolide, izinto zobhedu, iimpondo zendlovu, ijeyidi nelaphu, ezineminyaka engama-3 200 ukuya kuma-4 000 ubudala.

Usasazo lwavuselela umdla wabakhenkethi kwizinto ezininzi zakudala ezifunyenwe ngaphambili kwisiza, eziboniswa kwimyuziyam.

Imi kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-40 kumntla weChengdu, ikomkhulu laseSichuan, le ndawo ithatha iikhilomitha ezili-12 kwaye iqulathe amabhodlo esixeko sakudala, imigodi yemibingelelo, iindawo zokuhlala kunye namangcwaba.

Abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba le ndawo yasungulwa phakathi kwe-2,800 kunye ne-4,800 kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala kubonisa ukuba yayiyindawo ephuhliswe kakhulu kunye nenkqubela phambili yenkcubeko kumaxesha amandulo.

U-Chen Xiaodan, i-archaeologist ekhokelayo e-Chengdu owathatha inxaxheba ekugrunjweni kwesi siza kwi-1980s, wathi yafunyanwa ngengozi, yongeza ukuba "ibonakala ngathi ibonakala ivela ndawo".

Ngowe-1929, uYan Daocheng, umhlali welali yaseGuanghan, wemba umngxuma owawuzaliswe zizinto ezenziwe ngamatye anqabileyo namatye ngoxa wayelungisa umsele wogutyulo owawusecaleni kwendlu yakhe.

Izinto zakudala zaziwa ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwabathengisi bakudala njenge "Jadeware yaseGuanghan". Ukuthandwa kwe-jade, kwakhona, kwatsala ingqalelo yabembi bezinto zakudala, utshilo uChen.

Ngo-1933, iqela labembi bezinto zakudala elikhokelwa nguDavid Crockett Graham, owayevela eUnited States kwaye wayengumgcini wemyuziyam yeYunivesithi yaseWest China Union eChengdu, waya kwindawo ukuze enze umsebenzi wokuqala wokumba ngokusesikweni.

Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1930 ukuya phambili, abembi bezinto zakudala abaninzi baye bemba kuloo ndawo, kodwa bonke batsho phantsi, njengoko kungekho nto ibalulekileyo ifunyenweyo.

Impumelelo yafika ngeminyaka yee-1980. Iintsalela zamabhotwe amakhulu kunye neenxalenye zempuma, iindonga zedolophu ezisentshona nezisezantsi zafunyanwa kwisiza ngo-1984, kulandelwa iminyaka emibini kamva kukufunyanwa kwemingxuma emibini emikhulu yamadini.

Iziphumo zaqinisekisa ukuba isiza sasihlala amabhodlo esixeko samandulo esasiziko lezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko yeShu Kingdom. Kumaxesha amandulo, uSichuan wayebizwa ngokuba nguShu.

Ubungqina obubambekayo

Le ndawo ibonwa njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezafunyanwa eTshayina ngenkulungwane yama-20.

U-Chen uthe ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe umsebenzi wokumba, kwakucingelwa ukuba iSichuan inembali ye-3,000 yeminyaka. Ngombulelo kulo msebenzi, ngoku kukholelwa ukuba impucuko yafika eSichuan kwiminyaka engama-5,000 eyadlulayo.

UDuan Yu, umbhali-mbali kunye neSichuan yePhondo leAkhademi yeSayensi yezeNtlalo, uthe indawo yaseSanxingdui, ekwindawo ephezulu yoMlambo iYangtze, ikwabubungqina obubambekayo bokuba imvelaphi yempucuko yaseTshayina yahlukene, njengoko ijonga ithiyori yokuba uMlambo umthubi. yayiyimvelaphi yodwa.

Imyuziyam yaseSanxingdui, esecaleni koMlambo iYazi ozolileyo, itsalela iindwendwe ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ezibuliswa kukubona iimaski ezinkulu zobhedu kunye neentloko zabantu zobhedu.

Esona sigqubuthelo semaski sikhwankqisayo nesothusayo, esiziisentimitha ezingama-138 ububanzi kunye ne-66 cm ukuphakama, sibonakalisa amehlo angaphandle.

Amehlo athambekile kwaye ade ngokwaneleyo ukuze abambe iibhola zamehlo ezimbini ze-cylindrical, eziphuma kwi-16 cm ngendlela yokubaxa kakhulu. Iindlebe ezimbini zolulwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye zineengcebiso ezibunjwe njengabalandeli abatsolo.

Kwenziwa iinzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba lo mfanekiso ngowokhokho wamaShu, uCan Cong.

Ngokweerekhodi ezibhaliweyo kuncwadi lwaseTshayina, uthotho lweenkundla ze-dynastic zavuka kwaye zawa ngexesha loBukumkani bukaShu, kubandakanywa nezo zasekwa ziinkokeli zezizwe ezivela kwiCan Cong, iBo Guan kunye neKai Ming.

Isizwe saseCan Cong yayiyeyona indala ukuseka inkundla kuBukumkani bukaShu. Ngokutsho kwenye ingxelo yaseTshayina, “ukumkani wabo wayenamehlo angaphandle yaye wayengowokuqala ukuvakaliswa njengokumkani kwimbali yobukumkani.”

Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, inkangeleko engaqhelekanga, njengaleyo ibonakaliswe kwisigqubuthelo sobuso, yayiya kubonisa abantu baseShu ukuba umntu obambe isikhundla esiphakamileyo.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emininzi yobhedu kwiMyuziyam yaseSanxingdui ibandakanya umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wendoda enganxibanga zihlangu enxibe amaqatha, izandla zayo zibotshiwe. Umzobo u-180 cm ubude, ngelixa wonke umfanekiso, ocingelwa ukuba umela ukumkani waseShu Kingdom, uphantse ube ngu-261 cm ubude, kuquka nesiseko.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-3,100 ubudala, lo mfanekiso uthweswe isithsaba selanga kwaye uqhayisa imigangatho emithathu ye "impahla" yobhedu eqinile, enemikhono emifutshane ehonjiswe ngepateni yedragoni kwaye yogqunywe ngeribhoni etshekiweyo.

U-Huang Nengfu, unjingalwazi ongasekhoyo wezobugcisa kunye noyilo kwiYunivesithi yaseTsinghua eBeijing, owayengumphandi obalaseleyo wempahla yaseTshayina ephuma kwimihlaba eyahlukeneyo, wasithatha esi sinxibo njengesona sinxibo sidala sedragoni ekhoyo eTshayina. Ukwacinge ukuba ipateni ibonise umhombiso odumileyo weShu.

Ngokutsho kukaWang Yuqing, umbhali-mbali wempahla yaseTshayina esekelwe eTaiwan, isambatho satshintsha imbono yendabuko yokuba i-embroidery yaseShu yavela phakathi kwe-Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Endaweni yoko, ibonisa ukuba iphuma kwi-Shang Dynasty (malunga nenkulungwane ye-16-11 BC).

Inkampani yeempahla eBeijing ivelise ingubo yesilika ehambelana nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wendoda enganxibanga zihlangu emaqatheni.

Umsitho wokuphawula ukugqitywa kwengubo, eboniswe kwiChengdu Shu Brocade kunye neMyuziyam ye-Embroidery, yabanjwa kwiHolo eNkulu yaBantu kwikomkhulu laseTshayina ngo-2007.

Izinto zegolide eziboniswe kwiMyuziyam yaseSanxingdui, kubandakanya ingcongolo, iimaski kunye nokuhombisa amagqabi egolide akwimilo yehlosi kunye nentlanzi, zaziwa ngomgangatho wazo kunye nokwahluka kwazo.

Ubuchwephesha obuchubekileyo nobugqwesileyo obufuna ubuchule bokulungisa igolide obufana nokungquba, ukubumba, ukuwelda kunye nokucheba, bangene ekwenzeni ezi zinto, ezibonisa elona nqanaba liphezulu lokunyibilikiswa kwegolide kunye nobuchwepheshe bokulungisa kwimbali yamandulo yaseTshayina.

Undoqo womthi

Izinto zakudala ezibonwayo kwimyuziyam zenziwe ngegolide kunye nobhedu lwealloyi, kwaye igolide ibalelwa kuma-85 epesenti yokwakheka kwazo.

Umswane, oziisentimitha ezili-143 ubude, nobubanzi obuziisentimitha ezi-2,3 nobunzima obumalunga neegram ezingama-463, wenziwe ngondoqo womthi, ojikelezwe ngegqabi legolide elingqushiweyo. Ukhuni lubolile, kushiyeke kuphela intsalela, kodwa igqabi legolide lisahleli.

Uyilo lubonisa iiprofayili ezimbini, nganye yentloko yomthakathi enesithsaba esinamanqaku amahlanu, enxibe amacici angamaxantathu kunye noncumo olubanzi lwezemidlalo. Kukho amaqela afanayo eepateni zokuhombisa, ngalinye libonisa iintaka zeentaka kunye neentlanzi, umva-umva. Utolo lugubungela iintamo zeentaka neentloko zeentlanzi.

Uninzi lwabaphandi bacinga ukuba intonga yayiyinto ebalulekileyo kwi-regalia yokumkani wamandulo waseShu, ebonisa igunya lakhe lezopolitiko kunye namandla kaThixo phantsi kolawulo lobuthixo.

Phakathi kweenkcubeko zamandulo eYiputa, eBhabhiloni, eGrisi nasentshona ye-Asiya, umswane wawudla ngokuthathwa njengophawu lwelona gunya liphezulu.

Abanye abaphengululi baqikelela ukuba umswane wegolide osuka kwindawo yaseSanxingdui unokuba uvela emantla mpuma okanye entshona ye-Asiya kwaye waphumela kutshintshiselwano lwenkcubeko phakathi kweempucuko ezimbini.

Yavunjululwa kwisiza ngo-1986 emva kokuba iQela lePhondo leSichuan Archaeological Team lathatha inyathelo lokumisa umzi-mveliso wasekuhlaleni wezitena ugrumba lo mmandla.

UChen, umembi wezinto zakudala owayekhokela iqela labembi kwesi siza, uthe emva kokuba kufunyenwe le ntonga, wayecinga ukuba yenziwe ngegolide, kodwa waxelela abantu ababebukele ukuba yayilubhedu, ukuba kunokwenzeka nabani na azame ukuyibaleka.

Ephendula isicelo seqela, urhulumente wesithili saseGuanghan wathumela amajoni angama-36 ukuba aye kugada indawo ekufunyenwe kuyo intonga.

Ubume obuhlwempuzekileyo bezinto zakudala eziboniswe kwiMyuziyam yaseSanxingdui, kunye neemeko zabo zokungcwaba, zibonisa ukuba batshiswe ngabom okanye batshatyalaliswa. Kubonakala ngathi umlilo omkhulu ubangele ukuba izinto zitshiswe, zigqabhuke, zonakaliswe, zibe namadyungudyungu okanye zinyibilike ngokupheleleyo.

Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubeka imibingelelo evuthayo kwiChina yamandulo.

Indawo apho kwavunjululwa khona imingxuma emibini emikhulu yemibingelelo ngo-1986 ilele nje kumgama oziikhilomitha ezi-2.8 ngasentshona yeMyuziyam yaseSanxingdui. U-Chen uthe ininzi yemiboniso ephambili kwimyuziyam ivela kwimigodi emibini.

UNing Guoxia ufake isandla ebalini.

huangzhiling@chinadaily.com.cn