Phonononga iMvelaphi kunye noPhuhliso loMzobo weBronze kuzo zonke iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha exesha

Intshayelelo

Umkroli wobhedu luhlobo lomfanekiso osebenzisa ubhedu lwesinyithi njengento ephambili. Ubhedu luyingxubevange yobhedu nenkcenkce, kwaye yaziwa ngokomelela, ukuqina, kunye nokuthambile. Ezi zakhiwo zenza ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokwenza umzobo, njengoko inokuphoswa kwiimilo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye igqitywe ngeqondo eliphezulu leenkcukacha.

Imbali yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ibuyela kwiBronze Age, eyaqala malunga ne-3300 BC. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuqala eyaziwayo yobhedu yenziwa e-China kwaye isetyenziselwa izithethe kunye neenjongo zokuhombisa. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu ngokukhawuleza wanwenwela nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, kuquka iYiputa, iGrisi neRoma

(Ihashe leBronzi laseGrisi: Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-5 BC)

Kwilizwe leClassical, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu wawuxatyiswe kakhulu ngenxa yobuhle bawo kunye nobuhle bobugcisa. Uninzi lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo edumileyo yeli xesha, njengoloyiso lwamaphiko eSamothrace kunye neDiscobolus, yenziwe ngobhedu.

Umzobo weBronzi uqhubekile ukuthandwa kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye neRenaissance. Ngeli xesha, ubhedu lwalusetyenziselwa ukwenza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yenkolo kunye neyehlabathi. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu wafumana imvuselelo, njengoko amagcisa anjengoAuguste Rodin no-Edgar Degas baqalisa ukuzama iindlela ezintsha nezimbo.

Namhlanje, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu iseyinto ethandwayo kumagcisa. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza zombini izikhumbuzo zoluntu ezinkulu kunye nemisebenzi emincinci yobugcisa kubaqokeleli babucala. Umzobo wobhedu luhlobo lobugcisa oluguquguqukayo noluhlala luhleli oluye lwabonwa ngabantu kangangeenkulungwane.

Imizekelo yeMifanekiso yeBronze kwimbali ibandakanya:

• UDAVIDE (DONATELLO)

(uBronze David, uDonatello)

UDavid ngumkroli wobhedu owenziwa ngumkroli waseItali uDonatello. Yadalwa phakathi kwe-1440 kunye ne-1460 kwaye ithathwa njengowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo we-Renaissance sculpture. Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ngoku uboniswa kwiAccademia Gallery eFlorence, eItali.

UDavide ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo weqhawe lebhayibhile uDavide, owoyisa ingxilimbela uGoliyati ngesilingi. Lo mfanekiso wenziwe ngobhedu kwaye umalunga ne-1.70 yeemitha ubude. UDavide uchazwa njengomfana, onomzimba onezihlunu nozithembileyo. Uhamba ze ngaphandle kwesigcina-ntloko kunye neebhutsi. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo uphawuleka ngokubonisa kwawo okwenyani komzimba womntu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwe-contrapposto, i-pose apho ubunzima bomzimba butshintshelwa kwi-hip enye, ukudala ingqiqo yokuhamba kunye ne-dynamism.

UDavid ekuqaleni wayethunywe yintsapho yaseMedici, eyayilawula uFlorence ngelo xesha. Lo mfanekiso wawubekwe kwintendelezo yePalazzo Vecchio, kodwa wafuduselwa kwiAccademia Gallery ngo-1873 ukuze uwukhusele kwizinto.

UDavid uthathwa njengowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo womfanekiso oqingqiweyo weRenaissance. Bububuchule bokwenyani kunye nobuchule, kwaye luphawu olunamandla lwenkalipho, ukomelela, kunye noloyiso.

UDavide uyafumanekaumfanekiso wobhedu othengiswayoyenziwe ngabakroli nabavelisi abaninzi abathembekileyo kule mihla. Eyona ilungileyo kuboIsitudiyo sobuGcisa, Qhagamshelana nabo ukuba unomdla kwi-replica yalo mfanekiso udumileyo

UDavid ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo omhle kunye nomfanekiso. Ukuba ukhangela iumfanekiso omkhulu wobheduoko kuya kongeza i-touch of elegance kwikhaya lakho okanye kwiofisi, ngoko umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaDavide lukhetho olukhulu.

• INGCINGA

(Umntu ocingayo)

Umntu ocingayo nguumfanekiso omkhulu wobhedunguAuguste Rodin, ngokuqhelekileyo ibekwe phezu kwesiseko ilitye. Lo msebenzi ubonisa indoda enqunu yobukhulu obungamaqhawe ehleli phezu kwelitye. Ubonwa engqiyame, ingqiniba yakhe yasekunene ibekwe ethangeni lakhe lasekhohlo, ebambe ubunzima besilevu ngasemva kwesandla sakhe sasekunene. Ukuma yenye yengcinga enzulu kunye nokucamngca, kwaye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo uhlala usetyenziswa njengomfanekiso omela intanda-bulumko. URodin wakhulelwa umzobo njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wakhe iGates of Hell eyagunyaziswa ngo-1880, kodwa eyokuqala yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu eqhelekileyo yenziwa ngo-1904 kwaye ngoku iboniswa kwiMusée Rodin, eParis.

Imodeli yalo mfanekiso, njengeminye imisebenzi kaRodin, yayingumdlali webhaso ongumFrentshi kunye ne-wrestler uJean Baud, owayebonakala kakhulu kwisithili esibomvu. UJean Baud naye waboniswa kwinqaku le-1911 Swiss 50 franc nguHodler. Eyokuqala iseMusée Rodin eParis. Lo mzobo unobude obuziisentimitha ezingama-72, yayenziwe ngobhedu, yaye wahonjiswa ngokucokisekileyo waza wapolishwa. Lo msebenzi ubonisa indoda enqunu yobukhulu obufana nobugorha obuxineneyo, obunezihlunu, nobungena ngaphakathi, becinga ngezenzo kunye nekamva labantu ngelixa behleli phezu kwelitye.

I-Thinker ngomnye weyona mifanekiso iqingqiweyo idumileyo ehlabathini. Iphinde yaveliswa ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka kwimifanekiso emincinci ukuya kwimisebenzi yoluntu emikhulu. Ikwangomnye weyona mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yeBronzi ithengiswayo. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo luphawu olunamandla lokucinga, ukucamngca kunye nobuchule. Sisikhumbuzo sokuba sonke sinako ukwenza izinto ezinkulu ukuba sithatha ixesha lokucinga kuphela.

I Thinker lukhetho oludumileyo lweumfanekiso omkhulu wobhedukubugcisa boluntu. Ifakwe kwiipaki, iigadi, nakwezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke kwihlabathi jikelele. Umfanekiso usisikhumbuzo sokuba sonke sinako ukwenza izinto ezinkulu ukuba sithatha ixesha lokucinga kuphela.

• Inkunzi yenkomo ehlawuliswayo

Inkunzi eTshajayo, ekwaziwa ngokuba yiBowling Green Bull okanye iWall Street Bull, ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu nguArturo Di Modica. Yadalwa ngo-1989 kwaye iseBowling Green, eManhattan, kwisiXeko saseNew York.

(Inkunzi etshajayo)

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo luphawu lwethemba lemali kunye nempumelelo. Ibonisa inkunzi yenkomo, isimboli semarike yemasheya, ihlawula phambili. Inkunzi yenkomo imalunga neemitha ezi-3.4 ubude yaye inobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-3 200. Yenziwe ngobhedu kwaye iphoswe kwindlela elahlekileyo ye-wax.

Inkunzi yokuTjaja yabekwa phambi kweNew York Stock Exchange nge-15 kaDisemba, 1989, njengesipho esothusayo esixekweni. Kamva yasiwa eBowling Green, apho ihleli khona ukusukela ngoko. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo uye waba yindawo ethandwayo yabakhenkethi kwaye uhlala usetyenziswa njengendawo yangasemva yeefoto.

Inkunzi eTshajayo luphawu olunamandla lwamandla emali kunye nokomelela. Sisikhumbuzo sokuba nangona ujongene nobunzima, uqoqosho lwaseMelika luya kuhlala lukhona.

Inkunzi yenkunzi ehlawuliswayo ibingumxholo wempikiswano. Abanye abantu baye bawugxeka lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ngokuba ngokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini nangokukhuthaza ugonyamelo. Abanye baye baphikisa ngelithi lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ubonisa ukubawa nokugqithisa. Nangona kunjalo, iBull yokuTjaja ihlala iluphawu oludumileyo lwesiXeko saseNew York kunye noqoqosho lwaseMelika.

Kwabo bathabatheke luphawu kunye nomtsalane weBull eTshajayo, ukuba nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu walo mzobo ubalaseleyo lithuba elixabisekileyo.Isitudiyo sobuGcisainikezaimifanekiso yobhedu ethengiswayo, ivumela abanomdla ukuba bazise amandla kunye namandla eWall Street kwiindawo zabo.

Utyalo-mali kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu we-Bull eTshajayo kuvumela abantu ukuba bamkele amandla okomfuziselo kunye nokuzimisela okubameleyo ngelixa besongeza umzobo wobuhle bobugcisa kwindawo yabo. Nokuba uboniswe kwikhaya, eofisini, okanye kwindawo kawonke-wonke, lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo wobhedu uba yinto ephambili enomtsalane, ekhuthaza impumelelo kunye nokomelela kubo bonke abawubonayo.

• MANKEN PIS

(Manneken Pis)

I-Manneken Pis yindawo ephawulekayo ye-55.5 cm (21.9 in) umfanekiso womthombo wobhedu ophakathi kweBrussels, eBelgium, ebonisa i-puer mingens; inkwenkwana ehamba ze ichama kwisitya somthombo. Nangona ubukho bayo bungqinwa kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, yaphinda yayilwa ngokutsha ngumkroli weBrabantine uJérôme Duquesnoy Omdala kwaye yabekwa endaweni ngo-1618 okanye ngo-1619.

IManneken Pis iye yabiwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo okanye yonakaliswa kuyo yonke imbali yayo. Yaqala ukubiwa ngo-1619, kwiminyaka nje emibini emva kokuba ifakiwe. Yafunyanwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, yaye ukususela ngoko iye yabiwa izihlandlo ezili-13 ezingakumbi. Kwi-1965, lo mfanekiso wabanjwa liqela labafundi abafuna intlawulelo ye-1 yezigidi zeefranc zaseBelgium. Lo mfanekiso wabuyiswa ungonzakalanga emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa.

IManneken Pis yindawo enomtsalane kubakhenkethi kwaye ibonakaliswe kwiifilimu ezininzi kunye neenkqubo zikamabonakude. Ikwasisikhumbuzo esidumileyo, kwaye zininzi iikopi zeumfanekiso wobhedu othengiswayo.

IManneken Pis luphawu lwaseBrussels naseBelgium. Oku kusisikhumbuzo soburharha besixeko kunye nembali yaso yokuchasa izinto ezingathandekiyo.

Nokuba uboniswe egadini, kwiplaza kawonke-wonke, okanye kwingqokelela yabucala, lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo wobhedu uba yindawo eyonwabisayo yokugxila, usasaza ukuhleka kunye nokongeza ukubamba okumnandi kuyo nayiphi na imeko. I-Mannekis Pis iyafumanekaumfanekiso wobhedu othengiswayoyenziwe ngabakroli nabavelisi abaninzi abathembekileyo. Eyona ilungileyo kuboIsitudiyo sobuGcisa,Igcisainelona gama lilungileyo malunga nomgangatho kunye nesimbo sonxibelelwano lomsebenzi phakathi kwawo wonke ishishini lobhedu

Utyalo-mali kwiumfanekiso omkhulu wobheduyeManneken Pis ivumela umntu ukuba abhiyozele uvuyo kunye nokungahloneli okukuko. Yamkela umoya weManneken Pis kunye nekopi yayo yobhedu enomtsalane, kwaye wongeze indawo ekungqongileyo ngondoqo ophilayo welifa lenkcubeko yaseBrussels.

• UMAMA

UMaman ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo omkhulu wobhedu owenziwa nguLouise Bourgeois. Sisigcawu, sinobude obuziimitha ezingama-30 ubude nangaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-33 ububanzi. Iquka isingxobo esinamaqanda ebhastile angama-32 kwaye isisu sayo kunye nesifuba senziwe ngobhedu olunezimbambo.

(Maman, Ottawa)

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenziwa ngo-1999 kwaye ngoku uboniswa kwiMyuziyam yaseGuggenheim kwisixeko saseNew York. Isihloko ligama lesiFrentshi eliqhelekileyo elithi uMama (elifana noMama). Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo wayilwa ngo-1999 nguBourgeois njengenxalenye yekhomishini yakhe yokusungula i-Unilever Series (2000), kwiHolo yeTurbine eLondon's Tate Modern.

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo uthatha umxholo we-arachnid u-Bourgeois awayeqale wayicinga kumzobo omncinci we-inki kunye namalahle ngo-1947, eqhubeka nomzobo wakhe we-1996 weSigcawu. Ibhekisa kumandla kamama kaBourgeois, ngezikweko zokusonta, ukuluka, ukondla nokukhusela. Umama wakhe, uJosephine, wayengumfazi owayelungisa iiteyiphu kwindawo yokusebenzela yokubuyisela amalaphu kayise eParis. Xa uBourgeois wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye, walahlekelwa ngumama ngenxa yesigulo esingaziwayo.

UMaman uboniswe kwizixeko ezikhulu zehlabathi, kubandakanya iTokyo, iSeoul, iHong Kong, neSydney. Iye yanconywa ngabagxeki ngamandla nobuhle bayo. Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ukwagxekwa ngobukhulu bawo kunye nokubonisa kwawo umntu obhinqileyo njengesigcawu.

Ngaphandle kokugxekwa, uMaman uhlala engumfanekiso oqingqiweyo odumileyo kunye nomfanekiso. Sisikhumbuzo esinamandla samandla kunye nokomelela kwabasetyhini.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu yobhedu kaMaman iyafumaneka ukuba ithengiswe kwinani labathengisi be-intanethi. Eyona ilungileyo kuboIsitudiyo sobuGcisa, Qhagamshelana nabo ukuba unomdla kwi-replica yalo mfanekiso udumileyo

• INDODA YOBRONZE KUNYE NECENTAUR

(Indoda yeBronze kunye neCentaur, imyuziyam yeMetropolitan yoBugcisa)

Indoda yeBronze kunye neCentaur yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yenkulungwane yesi-8, eyenziwe eGrisi phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-8 BC, ngexesha leArchaic Greece. Ngoku ikungqokelela yeMyuziyam yeMetropolitan yoBugcisa. Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo yayisisipho emva kokufa kuka-J. Pierpont Morgan esanikwa iMyuziyam yeMetropolitan ngo-1917.

Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo umncinci, 4 3/8 intshi (11.1 cm) ubude, ubonisa indoda kunye necentaur ekulweni. Indoda iphethe umkhonto, ngelixa i-centaur iphethe ikrele. Indoda iphakame kancinci kunecentaur, kwaye ibonakala ngathi ikwiphulo lokubetha icentaur.

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenziwe ngobhedu, kwaye uphoswe kwindlela elahlekileyo ye-wax. Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ukwimeko entle, kodwa ubonisa iimpawu zokuguga nokukrazuka. Umkhonto wendoda awukho, kwaye ikrele likacentaur lonakele.

I-Bronze Man kunye ne-Centaur ngumzekelo onqabileyo kunye nobalulekileyo we-sculpture yamandulo yamaGrike. Ngomnye wemifanekiso eqingqiweyo embalwa eseleyo kwixesha le-Archaic, kwaye inika umbono wophuhliso lokuqala lobugcisa bamaGrike.

Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo ukwabalulekile kuba ubonisa indoda necentaur ekulweni. IiCentaur yayizizidalwa zasentsomini ezazinesiqingatha somntu nesiqingatha sehashe. Babehlala bebonakaliswa njengezidalwa ezinobundlobongela kunye nezikhohlakeleyo, kwaye zazihlala zisetyenziswa njengophawu lwesiphithiphithi kunye nokuphazamiseka.

Umzobo wendoda necentaur ekulweni ubonisa ukuba amaGrike abona iicentaurs njengesisongelo kwimpucuko yawo. AmaGrike ayengabantu abaphucuke kakhulu, yaye eluxabisile ucwangco nemvisiswano. I-centaurs, kwelinye icala, yayibonwa njengamandla esiphithiphithi kunye nokuphazamiseka.

Indoda yeBronze kunye neCentaur sisikhumbuzo esinamandla songquzulwano phakathi kocwangco kunye nesiphithiphithi, impucuko kunye nebarbarism. Kusisikhumbuzo sokuba nakwezona ndawo zihambele phambili kwempucuko, kusoloko kukho ugonyamelo neziphithiphithi.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukuqukumbela, imbali ye-bronze sculpture iyimbonakaliso yokunyamezela kolu hlobo lobugcisa. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo kwimpucuko yakudala ukuya ekuqhubekeni kwayo ukuthandwa namhlanje, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu uye wathimba kwaye wakhuthaza izizukulwana. Ubuhle, ukomelela, kunye nokuguquguquka kobhedu njengesixhobo kuye kwavumela amagcisa kuyo yonke imbali ukuba enze imisebenzi ebalaseleyo emele ixesha elide. Nokuba yimisebenzi yobugcisa yamandulo yeGrisi yamandulo okanye ukutolikwa kwangoku kwamagcisa anamhlanje, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu usaqhubeka uxatyiswa ngokukwazi kwawo ukuhambisa iimvakalelo, ukubamba ixesha kwimbali, kwaye ushiye umbono ongapheliyo kwabo baxabisa ubugcisa bawo.