Phanda iMisebenzi yamaGcisa ala maxesha atyhala imida yoMfanekiso weBronzi ngeTeknikhi ezitsha kunye neengcinga.

Intshayelelo

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu, nokubaluleka kwawo ngokwembali kunye nokutsala umdla ongapheliyo, ume njengobungqina bempumelelo yobugcisa boluntu ukutyhubela iminyaka. Ukusukela emva kwimpucuko yamandulo, ubhedu luxabisiwe ngenxa yokuqina, ukuguquguquka, kunye neempawu zobuhle, nto leyo eyenza ibe yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokwenza umzobo onamacala amathathu.

Ubugcisa bokukrola ubhedu bavela kwiMesopotamiya, iYiputa, neGrisi yamandulo, apho babuchuma njengendlela yoothixo, abalawuli namagorha angafiyo. Amagcisa achubekileyo enza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ngobuchule, ebamba eyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zabo ngenyaniso ephawulekayo kunye neenkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo. Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yasebenza njengembonakaliso yamandla, ukuzinikela elunqulweni, nenkcubeko, ishiya uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbali yoluntu.

(Iimvakalelo kwiBronzi | Coderch & Malavia)

Njengoko iinkulungwane zadlulayo, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu waqhubeka uvela kwaye ulungelelaniswa neentshukumo ezintsha zobugcisa kunye nesitayile. Ngexesha le-Renaissance, amagcisa afana noDonatello kunye noMichelangelo bavuselela ubuchule bakudala bokuphosa ubhedu, ukuphakamisa okuphakathi ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zokuphumelela kwezobugcisa kunye nobugcisa. Ixesha le-Baroque kunye ne-Neoclassical laqhubela phambili ukuthandwa komfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu, kunye nabakroli abakhulu abafana noGian Lorenzo Bernini kunye no-Antonio Canova betyhala imida yokubonakalisa kunye neemvakalelo.

Amagcisa ala maxesha amkele umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu njengento edibanisa isithethe kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Baphonononga iindlela ezintsha, balinge ngeekhonsepthi ezingabonakaliyo, kwaye bacele umngeni kwimida yento enokwenzeka. Ngobuchule babo bokuyila nobuchule, aba bakroli baqhubeka bephefumlela ubomi bube lubhedu, bebethelela imisebenzi yabo ngobunzulu, ukumila kunye nokubalisa.

Isibheno esihlala sihleli somfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu silele ekukwazini ukubamba ingcamango kunye nokukhupha uluhlu lweemvakalelo. Ubukho bayo obubambekayo kunye neempawu ezibambekayo zibandakanya ababukeli, zibamema ukuba bacamngce ngobume bomntu, baphonononge iikhonsepthi ezingabonakaliyo, okanye babonise ubunzima bamava omntu. Nokuba ibonisa into eyinyani okanye ethathayo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu inomtsalane ongenakuphikiswa odlula ixesha kwaye utsala abaphulaphuli kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

(Amanzi anzulu | Philip WakeMan)

Namhlanje, abadwebi bobhedu bexesha langoku baqhubeka bebumba i-landscape yobugcisa kunye nobuchule babo befom, ukuhlola izinto zabo kunye nemibono yabo ekhethekileyo. Indalo yabo isimema ukuba sinxibelelane nexesha elidlulileyo, sicamngce ngoku, kwaye sibe nombono wekamva, siqinisekisa ukuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu uhlala ulolo hlobo lobugcisa obuxatyiswayo nolubhiyozelwayo kwihlabathi lethu lanamhlanje.

Iindlela zangoku kunye nobuchule kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu

Umzobo wangoku wobhedu uquka uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lweendlela kunye nobuchule, apho amagcisa adibanisa ngobuchule iindlela zemveli kunye nentsha ukudala imisebenzi enomtsalane. Oku kudityaniswa kwezinto zakudala kunye ezintsha kuphefumla ubomi obutsha kuhlobo lobugcisa, kunomtsalane kubaqokeleli kunye nabathandi bezobugcisa ngokufanayo. Ukusukaimifanekiso emikhulu yobheduukuya kumaqhekeza amancinci akhoyo athengiswayo, le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo ibonisa ukuvela kunye nokuguquguquka kobhedu njengento ephakathi.

Kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yangoku, amagcisa ahlala ephonononga imixholo engabonakaliyo kunye neengcamango, etyhala imida yefom kunye nokubonakalisa. Bazama ngeemilo ezingaqhelekanga, ukuqamba okuguquguqukayo, kunye neendlela zokulingwa zokuphosa, umngeni kwiingcamango zemveli zemizobo. Olu tshintsho lukhokelela kwimisebenzi yobugcisa echukumisayo nenika ingcinga ethi itsale ababukeli.

Ngelixa esamkela ukusungula izinto ezintsha, amagcisa amaninzi afumana inkuthazo kubuchule beklasikhi kunye neembekiselo zembali. Banikela imbeko kwizithethe ezityebileyo zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu, ebandakanya ubugcisa obusulungekileyo kunye nengqalelo ecokisekileyo kwiinkcukacha. Oku kudityaniswa kwakudala kunye nokutsha kudala incoko phakathi kwexesha elidlulileyo nelikhoyo, livumela imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yangoku ukuba idibane nembali yobugcisa ngelixa ibonelela ngombono omtsha.

Ukongeza, ukuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji kube nefuthe kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yebronze yangoku. Amagcisa asebenzisa izixhobo zedijithali ezifana nokuskena kwe-3D kunye noshicilelo ukwenza iiprototypes ezintsonkothileyo, ezibenza bakwazi ukulinga iifomu ezinzima kunye neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo. Ezi nkqubo zedijithali zongeza ukusebenza kakuhle nokuchaneka ekudalweni kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu, iququzelela ukufezekiswa koyilo lwamabhongo noluntsonkothileyo.

Ubukho beimifanekiso emikhulu yobhedukwayeimifanekiso yobhedu ethengiswayoibonisa iimarike ezahlukeneyo zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yangoku. Abaqokeleli kunye nabathanda ubugcisa banokuphonononga uluhlu olubanzi lweendlela, imixholo, kunye nobukhulu, bebenza ukuba bafikeleleke kubaphulaphuli ababanzi. Nokuba iboniswe kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ingqokelela yabucala, okanye iigalari, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yangoku iyaqhubeka itsala kwaye ikhuthaza ababukeli, ibonisa ubuchule bamagcisa ahamba ngobuchule ekudibaneni kwesithethe kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Abakroli beBronze abadumileyo belixesha

• ANISH KAPOOR

U-Anish Kapoor ngumkroli waseBritane-waseIndiya osebenza ikakhulu kwibronze. Imifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo idla ngokuba mikhulu kwaye ayicacanga, kwaye ihlala iphonononga imixholo yendawo, ukukhanya, kunye nomfanekiso. UKapoor ungomnye wabachweli abaziwayo nabahlonitshwayo abasebenza namhlanje.

Eminye yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaKapoor edumileyo kwibronze ibandakanya "Ayinasihloko (1989)", "Cloud Gate (2006)", kunye ne "Leviathan (2011)". Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yonke ibonakaliswe ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, i-smooth, i-reflection surfaces, kunye nokukwazi ukudala i-optical illusions.

Umsebenzi kaKapoor uye waboniswa kwiimyuziyam ezinkulu kunye neegalari kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye uphumelele iimbasa ezininzi, kuquka iTurner Prize ngo-1991. Uyigcisa elikhethekileyo ngokwenene kunye nelokuqala, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe uyaqhubeka ukucela umngeni kwaye ukhuthaze ababukeli.

(Anish Kapoor's Untitled)

• UTONY CRAGG

UTony Cragg ngumkroli waseBritani osebenza ikakhulu kwibronze. Imifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo ihlala ingaqhelekanga kunye nejometri, kwaye iphonononga imixholo yendalo, umzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo. UCragg ngomnye wabakroli ababalulekileyo abasebenza namhlanje, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe uboniswa kwiimyuziyam kunye neegalari kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ezinye zemifanekiso yakhe edumileyo ziquka "Iintloko zeTerracotta" (1983), "Torso" (1986), kunye ne "Terris Novalis" (1992). Umsebenzi kaCragg uphawuleka ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifunyenweyo, imibala yayo engqindilili, kunye nokudlala nokuhlekisa. Uyinkosi yokuguqula izinto zemihla ngemihla zibe ngumsebenzi wobugcisa obonakalayo kwaye uvuselela ngokwasengqondweni.

(Ngaphezu koMhlaba, Ngembeko yeLisson Gallery)

• HENRY MOORE

(Maquette: Iqhekeza le-Spindle)

UHenry Moore wayengumkroli waseBritani owaziwa kakhulu ngemifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo yobhedu engacacanga. Imisebenzi yakhe idla ngokutsala umzobo womntu, uhlala ebonisa umama nomntwana okanye amanani ahleliyo. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu kaMoore ibonakaliswe ngeefom zayo eziphilayo, izithuba ezingenanto, kunye neendawo ezigudileyo. Wayengomnye wabakroli abanempembelelo kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20, yaye umsebenzi wakhe usabhiyozelwa nanamhlanje.

• KIKI SMITH

UKiki Smith, igcisa elidumileyo langoku, wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu. Eyaziwayo ngokuhlola umzimba womntu kunye nomfuziselo wawo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu kaSmith ihlala ibonisa amanani kumazwe ahlukeneyo otshintsho okanye ubuthathaka. Imisebenzi yakhe ibandakanya imvakalelo yobuthathaka, imvakalelo, kunye nonxibelelwano olunzulu kwindalo kunye nokomoya. Ngokuqwalasela kwakhe ngokucokisekileyo kwiinkcukacha kunye nokukwazi ukungenisa imizobo yakhe ngamabali anzulu, uKiki Smith uye wazimisa njengomkroli obalaseleyo weli xesha lobhedu, otsala abaphulaphuli ngendalo yakhe exhokonxa iingcinga nevuselelayo.

(Ebotshelelwe kwindalo yakhe)

• ARTIS LANE

I-Artis Lane ngumkroli obalaseleyo weli xesha wobhedu owaziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe yamandla nechukumisayo. Ngomsebenzi othathe amashumi eminyaka aliqela, uLane uye wazuza ukuwongwa ngokukwazi kwakhe ukubamba eyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zakhe ngobhedu.

Imifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo inengqiqo ephawulekayo yokwenene nobunzulu, ibandakanya ababukeli kwinqanaba leemvakalelo. Ubuchule bukaLane bemo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweenkcukacha kumvumela ukuba aphefumle ubomi kwindalo yakhe, evuselela imvakalelo yonxibelelwano kunye nokuhlola. Amagalelo akhe kwibala lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yangoku iye yaqinisa indawo yakhe njengegcisa elidumileyo nelinempembelelo kwihlabathi lobugcisa.

(Bust of Sojourner Truth)