Intshayelelo

Imifanekiso emikhulu yobhedubenza imisebenzi yobugcisa efuna ingqalelo. Amaxesha amaninzi anobukhulu bobomi okanye amakhulu, kwaye ubungangamsha bawo abunakukhanyelwa. Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo, eyenziwe kwi-alloy etyhidiweyo yobhedu kunye ne-tin, iBronze, iyaziwa ngokuhlala kwayo kunye nobuhle bayo.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yesikhumbuzo idalwe kangangeenkulungwane, kwaye inokufumaneka kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kwihlabathi liphela. Zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukukhumbula iziganeko ezibalulekileyo okanye abantu, kwaye zisenokusetyenziswa ukongeza ubuhle kwimbonakalo yesixeko ngokulula.

Xa ubona umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu, kunzima ukuba ungakhwankqiswa bubukhulu namandla awo. Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo ibubungqina bomoya womntu kwaye iyasikhuthaza ukuba siphuphe kakhulu.

Ukubaluleka ngokwembali kweMifanekiso eqingqiweyo

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yesikhumbuzo ibambe intsingiselo enzulu ngokwembali kuzo zonke iimpucuko ezohlukeneyo, isebenza njengemiboniso ebonakalayo yeengcamango zenkcubeko, ezenkolo nezopolitiko. Ukususela kwimpucuko yamandulo efana neYiputa, iMesopotamiya, neGrisi ukusa kwiNguqulelo Yehlabathi Elitsha nangaphaya kwayo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu ishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbali yoluntu. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yesikhumbuzo ibambe intsingiselo enzulu ngokwembali kuzo zonke iimpucuko ezohlukeneyo, isebenza njengemiboniso ebonakalayo yeengcamango zenkcubeko, ezenkolo nezopolitiko. Ukususela kwimpucuko yamandulo efana neYiputa, iMesopotamiya, neGrisi ukusa kwiNguqulelo Yehlabathi Elitsha nangaphaya kwayo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu ishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbali yoluntu.

Ubhedu, oludume ngokomelela, ukuqina, kunye nokuthambile, kudala luthandwa ekudaleni le misebenzi mikhulu. Iimpawu zayo zemvelo zazivumela abakroli bamandulo ukuba baxoze baze babumba imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu neyahlala ixesha elide. Inkqubo yokuphosa yayibandakanya ubugcisa obucokisekileyo kunye nobuchule bobugcisa, nto leyo eyaphumela kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu yobhedu eyaba yimiqondiso ehlala ihleli yamandla, umoya, kunye nokugqwesa kobugcisa.

Unxulumano lweBronzi kunye nesikhumbuzo sinokubonwa kwimisebenzi yemifanekiso efana neColossus yaseRhodes, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yabalawuli bamandulo baseTshayina, kunye noDavid kaMichelangelo. Ezi ndalo zoyikekayo, ezidla ngokugqwesa ubukhulu bomntu, zazichaza ubungangamsha nobungangamsha bobukhosi, izithixo ezidumileyo, okanye abantu ababalulekileyo abangafiyo.

Ukubaluleka kwembali yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ephawulekayo abukho nje kuphela kubukho bayo bomzimba kodwa nakwiingxelo kunye namaxabiso amele. Zisebenza njengezinto zenkcubeko, zibonelela ngeenkolelo, ubuhle kunye nolangazelelo lwempucuko yangaphambili. Namhlanje, le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yesikhumbuzo ikhuthaza kwaye ixhokonxa ukucamngca, ivala umsantsa phakathi koluntu lwamandulo nolwale mihla kwaye isikhumbuza ngelifa lethu elihlangeneyo lobugcisa.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yoBronzi edumileyo

Makhe siqwalasele eminye yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeMonumental yoBronzi eye yaveza imizobo emikhulu kunobukhulu bayo ezintliziyweni nasezingqondweni zabo bayibukeleyo;

• IColossus yaseRhodes
• UMfanekiso weNkululeko
• UBuddha omkhulu waseKamakura
• UMfanekiso woManyano
• Spring Temple Buddha

IColossus yaseRhodes (c. 280 BCE, Rhodes, Greece)

IColossus yaseRhodes yayiUmfanekiso omkhulu weBronziyothixo welanga wamaGrike uHelios, owakhiwa kwisixeko samandulo saseGrisi saseRhodes kwisiqithi saseGrisi esinegama elifanayo. Enye yeZimanga eziSixhenxe zeHlabathi laMandulo, yayakhelwe ukubhiyozela impumelelo yokhuselo lwesixeko saseRhodes kuhlaselo lukaDemetrius Poliorcetes, owasingqinga unyaka ngomkhosi omkhulu kunye nomkhosi waselwandle.

IColossus yaseRhodes yayimalunga neekubhite ezingama-70, okanye iimitha ezingama-33 (iinyawo ezili-108) ukuphakama - malunga nomphakamo weSifanekiso seNkululeko sale mihla ukusuka ezinyaweni ukuya kwisithsaba-isenza ukuba sibe ngowona mfanekiso uphakamileyo kwihlabathi lamandulo. Yayakhiwe ngobhedu nentsimbi kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba yayinobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-30,000.

IColossus yaseRhodes yagqitywa ngo-280 BC kwaye yema iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 ngaphambi kokuba itshatyalaliswe yinyikima ngo-226 BC. I-Colossus ewileyo yashiywa kwindawo de kwaba ngu-654 CE xa imikhosi yase-Arabia yahlasela i-Rhodes kwaye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waphulwa waza ubhedu wathengiswa ngenxa ye-scrap.

(Uguqulelo lweArtist of The Colossus of Rhodes)

IColossus yaseRhodes yayingumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu ngokwenene. Wawumi phezu kwesiseko esingunxantathu esimalunga neemitha ezili-15 ukuphakama, yaye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wawumkhulu kangangokuba imilenze yawo yayibanzi ukuya kububanzi bezibuko. Kuthiwa iColossus yayimde kangangokuba iinqanawa zazikwazi ukuhamba ngemilenze yayo.

Enye into enika umdla ngeColossus yaseRhodes yindlela eyayakhiwe ngayo. Lo mfanekiso wawusenziwa ngamacwecwe obhedu awayebotshelelwa kwisakhelo sentsimbi. Oku kwenza ukuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ukhanye kakhulu, nangona ubukhulu bawo bukhulu.

IColossus yaseRhodes yayiyenye yezona zinto zidumileyo kwihlabathi lamandulo. Yayiluphawu lwamandla nobutyebi baseRhodes, kwaye yakhuthaza amagcisa nababhali kangangeenkulungwane. Ukutshatyalaliswa komfanekiso oqingqiweyo kwaba yilahleko enkulu, kodwa ilifa lawo lisaphila. IColossus yaseRhodes isathathwa njengenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zobunjineli kwihlabathi lamandulo, kwaye iseluphawu lobuchule bomntu namabhongo.

Umfanekiso weNkululeko (1886, New York, USA)

(Isitatyu senkululeko)

IStatue of Liberty ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-neoclassical omkhulu kwiSiqithi saseLiberty kwiZibuko laseNew York kwisiXeko saseNew York, eMelika. Umfanekiso wobhedu, isipho esivela kubantu baseFransi kubantu base-United States, wayilwa ngumkroli waseFransi uFrédéric Auguste Bartholdi kunye nesakhelo sawo sesinyithi sakhiwa nguGustave Eiffel. Lo mfanekiso wanikezelwa ngo-Oktobha 28, 1886.

ISitatimende seNkululeko lolona phawu lwaziwayo kwihlabathi, kwaye yindawo ethandwayo yabakhenkethi. Iziimitha ezingama-46 ubude ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya phezulu kwetotshi, kwaye inobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-450,000 (204,144). Lo mfanekiso wenziwe ngamashiti obhedu aye akrolwa ngehamile aze adityaniswa. Ubhedu luye lwenziwa i-oxidized ekuhambeni kwexesha ukunika umfanekiso ocacileyo wepatina eluhlaza

ISitatimende seNkululeko sinezinto ezininzi ezinomdla. Itotshi ayibambileyo luphawu lokukhanya, kwaye ekuqaleni yayikhanyiswa lidangatye legesi. Icwecwe alibambe kwisandla sakhe sasekhohlo linomhla weSibhengezo seNkululeko, ngoJulayi 4, 1776. Isithsaba salo mfanekiso sinezikhonkwane ezisixhenxe, ezimele iilwandle ezisixhenxe kunye namazwekazi asixhenxe.

UMfanekiso weNkululeko luphawu olunamandla lwenkululeko kunye nedemokhrasi. Yamkele izigidi zabaphambukeli eUnited States, kwaye iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abantu kwihlabathi liphela.

UBuddha Omkhulu waseKamakura (1252, eKamakura, eJapan)

UBuddha Omkhulu weKamakura (Kamakura Daibutsu) yiumfanekiso omkhulu wobheduka-Amida Buddha, ekwitempile yaseKotoku eKamakura, eJapan. Yenye yezona ndawo zidumileyo eJapan kwaye yindawo ye-UNESCO yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi.

(UBuddha omkhulu waseKamakura)

Lo mfanekiso uziimitha ezili-13.35 ubude kwaye unobunzima beetoni ezingama-93 (iitoni ezili-103). Yaphoswa ngo-1252, ngexesha le-Kamakura, kwaye ngowona mfanekiso uqingqiweyo kaBuddha wesibini ngobukhulu eJapan, emva kwe-Great Buddha yaseNara.

Lo mfanekiso uvulekile, yaye iindwendwe zinokukhwela ngaphakathi ukuze zibone ungaphakathi. Ngaphakathi ihonjiswe ngemizobo yamaBhuda kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.

Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kakhulu kwi-Great Buddha yindlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Lo mfanekiso uphoswe kwisiqwenga esinye, nto leyo eyayinzima kakhulu ukuyifeza ngelo xesha. Lo mfanekiso uphoswe kusetyenziswa indlela ye-wax elahlekileyo, eyinkqubo enzima kwaye ichitha ixesha.

I-Great Buddha yaseKamakura bubutyebi besizwe eJapan kwaye yindawo ethandwayo yabakhenkethi. Lo mfanekiso usisikhumbuzo sembali etyebileyo kunye nenkcubeko yaseJapan kwaye luphawu loxolo kunye nokuzola.
Nazi ezinye iinyani ezinomdla malunga noBuddha omkhulu waseKamakura:

Lo mfanekiso wenziwe ngobhedu olwanyibilikiswa kwiingqekembe zamaTshayina. Ekuqaleni wawuhlala kwiholo yetempile, kodwa loo holo yatshatyalaliswa yitsunami ngowe-1498. Lo mfanekiso uye wonakaliswa ziinyikima nezaqhwithi ukutyhubela iminyaka, kodwa uye wahlaziywa sihlandlo ngasinye.

Ukuba uhlala eJapan, qiniseka ukuba undwendwela iBuddha enkulu yaseKamakura. Ngumbono owoyikekayo ngokwenene kunye nesikhumbuzo sobuhle kunye nembali yaseJapan.

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo woManyano (2018, Gujarat, India)

UMfanekiso woManyano nguumfanekiso omkhulu wobheduUmongameli waseIndiya kunye nomlweli wenkululeko uVallabhbhai Patel (1875-1950), owayengusekela nkulumbuso wokuqala kunye nomphathiswa wezangaphakathi weIndiya elizimeleyo kunye nomlandeli kaMahatma Gandhi. Lo mfanekiso umi eGujarat, eIndiya, kuMlambo iNarmada kwikoloni yaseKevadiya, ejongene neDama laseSardar Sarovar iikhilomitha ezili-100 (62 mi) kumzantsi-mpuma wesixeko saseVadodara.

Ngowona mfanekiso uphakamileyo wehlabathi, nobude obuziimitha ezili-182 (597 ft), kwaye uzinikele kwindima kaPatel yokumanyanisa amazwe angama-562 aseIndiya abe yiManyano enye yaseIndiya.

(Statue of Unity)

Umfanekiso omkhulu wobhedu wakhiwe yimodeli yoBuhlakani boBuhlakani baBucala, kunye nemali eninzi ivela kuRhulumente waseGujarat. Ukwakhiwa komfanekiso oqingqiweyo kwaqala ngo-2013 kwaye kwagqitywa ngo-2018. Lo mfanekiso usungulwe ngomhla wama-31 kweyeDwarha yowama-2018, kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-143 yokuzalwa kukaPatel.

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo woBumbano wenziwe ngobhedu olugqunywe phezu kwesakhelo sentsimbi kwaye ubunzima betoni ezingama-6,000. Ngowona mfanekiso uphakamileyo ehlabathini kwaye mde kunoMfanekiso weNkululeko ngokuphindwe kabini ubude bawo.

Lo mfanekiso unezinto ezininzi ezinomdla. Ngokomzekelo, inegalari yokujonga phezulu kwentloko, enika iimbono zepanoramic yendawo ejikelezileyo. Lo mfanekiso ukwanawo nemyuziyam, ebalisa ngebali lobomi bukaPatel kunye nempumelelo yakhe.

I-Statue of Unity yindawo ethandwayo yabakhenkethi kwaye itsala izigidi zabakhenkethi nyaka ngamnye. Luphawu lokuzingca kwesizwe ngeIndiya kwaye sisikhumbuzo sendima kaPatel ekumanyaniseni eli lizwe.
Nazi ezinye iinyani ezinomdla malunga neSifanekiso soManyano:

Lo mfanekiso wenziwe ngeetoni ezingama-6 000 zobhedu, obulingana nobunzima beendlovu ezingama-500. Isiseko sayo siziimitha ezingama-57 (187 ft) ubunzulu, obunzulu njengesakhiwo esinemigangatho engama-20.
Igalari yokubukela lo mfanekiso iqingqiweyo inokuhlala abantu abangama-200 ngexesha. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ukhanyiswa ebusuku kwaye unokubonwa ukusuka kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-30 (19 mi).

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo woManyano ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo ngokwenene kwaye ububungqina bombono kunye nokuzimisela kwabo bawakhayo. Luphawu lokuzingca kwesizwe ngeIndiya kwaye sisikhumbuzo sendima kaPatel ekumanyaniseni eli lizwe.

Umfanekiso kaBuddha weTempile yaseNtwasahlobo

ITempile yaseNtwasahlobo uBuddha nguumfanekiso omkhulu wobheduyaseVairocana Buddha ekwiphondo laseHenan eTshayina. Ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wesibini ubude ehlabathini, emva koMfanekiso woBumbano eIndiya. I-Spring Temple Buddha yenziwe ngobhedu kwaye imalunga neemitha ezingama-128 (iinyawo ezingama-420) ubude, ingaquki itrone yelotus ehleli kuyo. Ukuphakama komfanekiso oqingqiweyo, kubandakanywa netrone, ziimitha ezingama-208 (iinyawo ezingama-682). Lo mfanekiso unobunzima beetoni ezili-1,100.

(uBuddha weTempile yaseNtwasahlobo)

I-Spring Temple Buddha yakhiwa phakathi kwe-1997 kunye ne-2008. Yakhiwa yi-Chan Buddhist ihlelo le-Fo Guang Shan. Lo mfanekiso umi kwindawo yeFodushan Scenic, eyindawo ethandwayo yabakhenkethi eTshayina.

I-Spring Temple Buddha yindawo ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko kunye nenkolo eTshayina. Yeyona ndawo idumileyo yokundwendwela amaBhuda asuka kwihlabathi liphela. Lo mfanekiso ukwayindawo enomtsalane kubakhenkethi, yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba bangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10 abantu abatyelela lo mfanekiso nyaka ngamnye.

Ukongeza kubukhulu bayo kunye nobunzima, i-Spring Temple Buddha nayo iphawuleka ngeenkcukacha zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ubuso balo mfanekiso buzolile yaye buzolile, yaye imiwunduzo yawo ihonjiswe kakuhle. Amehlo alo mfanekiso enziwe ngekristale, yaye kuthiwa abonakalisa ukukhanya kwelanga nenyanga.

I-Spring Temple Buddha ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu obonisa ubuchule kunye nobugcisa babantu baseTshayina. Luphawu loxolo, ithemba, kunye nokukhanya, kwaye kufuneka kubonwe kuye nabani na ondwendwela eTshayina.