Intshayelelo

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ibikho kangangeenkulungwane, kwaye isaqhubeka ingomnye wemisebenzi yobugcisa echukumisayo neyoyikekayo ehlabathini. Ukususela kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseYiputa yamandulo ukuya kutsho kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ecekethekileyo yaseGrisi yamandulo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwe ngobhedu ibithabathele ingqalelo abantu kangangamawaka eminyaka.

Kodwa yintoni na malunga nobhedu eyenza ukuba ibe yindawo egqibeleleyo yokukrola? Kutheni le nto imikrolo yobhedu imile kangangexesha elide, ngoxa ezinye izinto ziwe ecaleni kwendlela?

(Jonga: Imizobo yobhedu)

Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga ngakumbi kwimbali yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu, kwaye siphonononge izizathu zokuba kutheni ibiyinto edumileyo yamagcisa ukutyhubela iminyaka. Siza kujonga kwakhona eminye yeyona mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yobhedu idumileyo ehlabathini, kwaye sixoxe ukuba ungayifumana phi namhlanje.

Ke nokuba ungumntu othanda ubugcisa bakudala okanye unomdla nje ngembali yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu, qhubeka ufunde ukujonga okunomdla kolu hlobo lobugcisa olungaphelelwa lixesha.

kwaye ukuba ukhangelaimifanekiso yobhedu ethengiswayongokwakho, siza kubonelela ngeengcebiso malunga nokuba ungazifumana phi amaxabiso angcono.

Ngoko ke ulindele ntoni? Masiqalise!

IGrisi yamandulo

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yayiyenye yezona ndlela zobugcisa zibalulekileyo kwiGrisi yamandulo. Ibronzi yayiyeyona nto ixatyiswa kakhulu, yaye yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza iindidi ngeendidi zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ukusuka kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emincinane ukuya kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu. Abakroli bamaGrike bobhedu babeziincutshe kubuchule babo baza bavelisa ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo nobuntsonkothileyo bokwenza ubhedu.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuqala yobhedu yamaGrike ibuyele kwixesha leJometri (c. 900-700 BCE). Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yamandulo yayidla ngokuba mincinane yaye ilula, kodwa yayibonisa ubuchule nobugcisa obumangalisayo. Ngexesha lamandulo (malunga nowama-700-480 B.C.E.), umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamaGrike wobhedu wawusele uphucukile.Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu yeBronzizazixhaphakile, yaye abakroli bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo babekwazi ukubamba uluhlu olubanzi lweemvakalelo namabinzana abantu.

Eminye yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yamaGrike iquka:

• UBHUBHU WEERIKA (C. 460 BCE)

• I-ARTEMISION BRONZE (C. 460 BCE)

Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuphosa eyayisetyenziswa ngabakroli bamaGrike yayiyindlela yokuphosa iwax elahlekileyo. Le ndlela yayibandakanya ukudala imodeli ye-wax yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo, owawufakwe ngodongwe. Udongwe lwalushushu, olwalunyibilikisa umthwebeba luze lushiye isithuba esinomngxuma kwindlela emile ngayo loo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo. Emva koko kwakugalelwa ubhedu olutyhidiweyo kweso sithuba, luze udongwe lususwe ukuze kuvele umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ogqityiweyo.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamaGrike yayidla ngokuba nentsingiselo yokomfuziselo. Ngokomzekelo, iDoryphoros yayiyimbonakaliso yendlela efanelekileyo yobudoda, yaye uloyiso olunamaphiko lwaseSamothrace lwalungumfuziselo woloyiso. IsiGrikeimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu yobheduzazisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukukhumbula iziganeko ezibalulekileyo okanye abantu.

IYIPUTA yamandulo

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ibe yinxalenye yenkcubeko yaseYiputa kangangeenkulungwane, esusela kwiXesha lokuQala leDynastic (c. 3100-2686 BCE). Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yayisoloko isetyenziselwa iinjongo zonqulo okanye umngcwabo, kwaye yayisoloko isenziwa ukubonisa abantu ababalulekileyo bembali yaseYiputa okanye iintsomi.

Ezinye zeyona mifanekiso idumileyo yobhedu yaseYiputa ibandakanya

• UMFANEKISO WEBROZE WE-HORUS FALCON

• UMFANEKISO WEBRONZE WE-ISIS NGEHORUS

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yenziwa eYiputa kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokuphosa iwax elahlekileyo. Obu buchule bubandakanya ukudala imodeli yomfanekiso owenziwe nge-wax, kwaye emva koko uvale imodeli ngodongwe. Emva koko ukubumba ngodongwe kuyafudunyezwa, nto leyo enyibilikisa umthwebeba kuze kushiye isithuba esingenamngxuma. Emva koko kugalelwa ubhedu olutyhidiweyo kwisithuba esikroliweyo, yaye ukungunda kuyaqhawuka ukuze kuvele umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ogqityiweyo.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yayidla ngokuhonjiswa ngeempawu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka i-ankh (umfuziselo wobomi), i<em>wa (umfuziselo wamandla), kunye ne<em>djed (umfuziselo wozinzo). Le miqondiso kwakukholelwa ukuba inamandla omlingo, kwaye yayisoloko isetyenziselwa ukukhusela imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nabantu abangabanikazi bayo.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu iyaqhubeka nokuthandwa namhlanje, kwaye inokufumaneka kwiimyuziyam kunye neengqokelela zabucala kwihlabathi liphela. Zibubungqina bobuchule kunye nobugcisa babakroli bamandulo baseYiputa, kwaye baqhubeka bekhuthaza amagcisa kunye nabaqokeleli namhlanje.

China yamandulo

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo weBronzi unembali ende kunye netyebileyo e-China, ebuyela emva kwi-Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE). Ubhedu lwaluyinto exabiswa kakhulu eTshayina, kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iinqanawa zesithethe, izixhobo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.

Eminye yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yaseTshayina idumileyo ibandakanya:

• I-DING

I-Ding luhlobo lwenqanawa ye-tripod eyayisetyenziselwa iinjongo zesithethe. IiDings zazihlala zihonjiswe ngoyilo olucokisekileyo, kubandakanya i-zoomorphic motifs, iipateni zejometri, kunye nemibhalo.

(Indlu yeFandesi yaseSotheby)

• I ZUN

IZun luhlobo lwesitya sewayini esasisetyenziselwa iinjongo zesiko. IiZuns zazihlala zihonjiswa ngemifanekiso yezilwanyana, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zazisetyenziswa njengeenqanawa zokuthululela.

(Isikhongozeli sewayini (zun) |I-Metropolitan Museum of Art)

• I-BI

I-Bi luhlobo lwediski eyayisetyenziselwa iinjongo zemibhiyozo. I-Bis yayihlala ihonjiswe ngoyilo olungabonakaliyo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha yayisetyenziswa njengezibuko.

(Etsy)

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yaphoswa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchule, kubandakanywa nendlela elahlekileyo yewax. Indlela elahlekileyo ye-wax yinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebandakanya ukudala imodeli ye-wax ye-sculpture, ifake imodeli ngodongwe, kwaye inyibilikise i-wax edongeni. Emva koko ubhedu olutyhidiweyo lugalelwa kubumba lodongwe, yaye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo utyhilwa emva kokuba umngundo uqhekezwe wavuleka.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yayidla ngokuhonjiswa ngemifanekiso efuziselayo. Ngokomzekelo, inamba yayiluphawu lwamandla kunye namandla, kwaye i-phoenix yayingumqondiso wobomi obude kunye nokuzalwa kwakhona. Le miqondiso yayisoloko isetyenziselwa ukudlulisela izigidimi zonqulo okanye zezopolitiko.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu iyaqhubeka nokuthandwa namhlanje, kwaye inokufumaneka kwiimyuziyam kunye neengqokelela zabucala kwihlabathi liphela. Zibubungqina bezakhono zobugcisa kunye nobuchwepheshe beengcibi zamandulo zaseTshayina, kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza amagcisa kunye nabaqokeleli namhlanje.

Indiya yamandulo

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu ibiyinxalenye yobugcisa baseIndiya kangangeenkulungwane, ukusukela kwi-Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE). Ezi bronzes zakuqala zazihlala zincinci kwaye zibuthathaka, kwaye zazibonisa izilwanyana okanye amanani abantu ngendlela yendalo.

Njengoko inkcubeko yaseIndiya yavela, kwakunjalo nangesitayile somfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu. Ebudeni boBukhosi bakwaGupta (ngowama-320-550 CE), imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu yaba mikhulu yaza yantsonkotha ngakumbi, yaye yayidla ngokuzoba imifanekiso yonqulo okanye imiboniso evela kwiintsomi.

Eminye iMizobo evela eIndiya ibandakanya:

• 'INTOMBAZANA EDANYO KA-MOHENJODARO'

• INATARAJA YOBRONZE

• INKOSI KRISHNA UDIDANISA KWINYOKA YAKALIYA